Atenolol is a nationally known, commonly used medication that has helped to change the lives of many people in America. Atenolol, also known as Tenormin, is placed in a group of remedies known as beta-blocker. As a Beta-blocker, Atenolol is used to treat a range of bodily disorders in connection with anxiety and tension, such as high blood pressure, angina, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, prevention of a second heart attack, tremors, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety, and glaucoma. The three main malfunctions atenelol is used for are alcohol withdrawal, anxiety disorders, and cardiac disorders.
Dealing with alcohol withdrawal, Atenolol can be used as an addition to tradition alcohol withdrawal treatment to help make the results more effective. In relation to anxiety disorders, atenolol is usually used in small stress reactions, minor panic disorders, and generalized anxiety syndrome. Results are most easily obtainable in patients who have bodily anxiety, as opposed to the mind, and helps reduce trembling and rapid heart beat. Atenolol also had a large affect on cardiac illnesses. In the most common, angina pectoris, atenolol is used to decrease the amount of repeated attacks and to prevent any immediate death. Atenolol is best effective on middle-aged or teenagers, and to those with high blood pressure and heart rate as a result of exercise. The other major heart sickness is congestive heart failure. Giving Atnolol to a person with congestive heart failure must be taken with much care and precauution. One should start with low doses at first, and as time passes, increase the intake gradually. Overall, it affects the heart and circulatory system to either lessen the effect of or prevent any type of cardiovascular illness that may cause serious and/or permanent damage to the body. But how exactly does the medication work?
Let’s begin with the structure. The structure of Atenolol is as follows: its chemical formula is C14H22N2O3, its relative molecular mass is 266.3g, and its chemical name is (RS)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)phenylacetamide. The physical appearance of the drug itself is a white colored powder that is odorless. The way atenolol, as well as other beta-blockers, work, is that they affect the different beta-recptors located within the human body. Every human has a certain number of beta-receptors located throughout the body, in places such as the heart, lungs, brain, etc. When a person takes a dose of atenolol, it reacts with the beta-receptors to either calm anxiety or treat blood pressure, without altering a person’s actions.
This paper will consider eye witness testimony and its place in convicting accused criminals. Psychology online (2013) defines “eye witness testimony” as a statement from a person who has witnessed a crime, and is capable of communicating what they have seen, to a court of law under oath. Eye witness testimonies are used to convict accused criminals due to the first hand nature of the eye witnesses’ observations. There are however many faults within this system of identification. Characteristics of the crime is the first issue that will be discussed in this paper, and the flaws that have been identified. The second issue to be discussed will be the stress impact and the inability to correctly identify the accused in a violent or weapon focused crime. The third issue to be discussed is inter racial identification and the problems faced when this becomes a prominent issue. The fourth issue will be time lapse, meaning, the time between the crime and the eye witness making a statement and how the memory can be misconstrued in this time frame. To follow this will be the issue of how much trust jurors-who have no legal training-put on to the eye witness testimony, which may be faltered. This paper references the works of primarily Wells and Olsen (2003) and Rodin (1987) and Schmechel et al. (2006) it will be argued that eye witness testimony is not always accurate, due to many features; inter racial identification, characteristics of the crime, response latency, and line up procedures therefore this paper will confirm that eyewitness testimonies should not be utilised in the criminal ju...
There are various treatments for acute coronary syndrome to prevent the occurrence of an acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the current research of the pharmacological treatments of this condition and to evaluate the relevance of this research in relation to the practise of paramedics.
For this book report, I decided to read Hugo Münsterberg's On the Witness Stand. This book contains essays on psychology and crime and eyewitness testimony. Today this book is used as a reference for many issues in forensic psychology. For this report, I focused on two chapters of the book: Illusions and the Memory of the Witness. I am going to first summarize the two chapters I read then talk about what was going on at the time this book was written. I will then report some of the research in the book, and finish with my opinion on how this book has contributed to the literature and how it relates to the current knowledge of forensic psychology.
Such devastating mistakes by eyewitnesses are not rare, according to a report by the Innocence Project, an organization affiliated with the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University. The Innocence Project uses DNA testing to exonerate those wrongfully convicted of crimes. Since the 1990s, when DNA testing was first introduced, Innocence Project researchers have reported that, “Seventy three percent of the two hundred thirty nine convictions overturned through DNA testing were based on eyewitness testimony” (Loftus xi). One third of these overturned cases rested on the testimony of two or more mistaken eyewitnesses. How could so many eyewitnesses be wrong? This paper will identify a theoretical framework that views eyewitness testimony ...
Wells, G. L., & Bradfield, A. L. (1998). “Good, you identified the suspect”: Feedback to eyewitness distorts their reports of the eyewitness experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 360-376.
Congestive heart failure is a chronic state, often referred to as heart failure. Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle does not pump blood as well as it should. There are various complications with congestive heart failure. For example, narrowing arteries in the heart, known as coronary artery disease or high blood pressure, repeatedly leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump successfully. Sadly, not all situations that lead to heart failure are reversible, but treatments are implemented to improve the symptoms of heart failure and provide a longer lifestyle. Day-to-day lifestyle changes such as exercising, reducing salt, managing stress, and losing weight can improve the quality of life. Additionally, a patient taking a combination
Acetaminophen is ingested orally and is rapidly and completely absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. It works in about one hour. The liver detoxifies 90% of it by mixing it with sulfuric acid, and another 3-5% is catabolized by enzyme reactions to the acid. The metabolites are excreted in the urine.
The topics and concepts of proximal relations of power, distal relations of power and the historical aspects of colonialism will help demonstrate the reasons for studying the effects of power as well as showing how sociological imagination ties into the topic. The purpose of studying power is to help us better understand who and what has the control in the societies that we live in. By applying the concept of sociological imagination, people are given the ability to connect their own personal issues to the issues that society as a whole have to deal with. To better understand the power dynamic is a key reason why sociologists study the concept of power.
Mcmurray, J. "Practical recommendations for the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Putting guidelines into practice." HUG - Service de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques - Genève. The European Journal of Heart Failure, 5 July 2005. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
Psychological research shows, a witness's memory of details during the commission of a crime, has a high probability of containing significant errors. In response to these findings, the question is should witness testimony still be permissible in a court of law? Obviously, the answer to this question is an important one and is debatable. Consequently, what we know is many innocent people go to jail due to eyewitness misidentification. Therefore, it is imperative that all defense attorneys thoroughly evaluate the validity of eyewitness recollection events. Any defense attorney who does anything less is ignoring the findings of the psychological community and its’ study of how the brain functions. As a result, an intense analysis of an
The term that best explains the barriers to eyewitness memory is widely regarded as verbal overshadowing. The notion of verbal overshadowing has been coined as the inability to provide explicit memories due to the cognitive barriers people possess to depict accurately the events that have transpired. On a daily basis, individuals across the United States are sentenced to lengthy prison sentences resultant of wrongful convictions (Innocence Project, 2016). To illustrate the ambivalences caused by verbal overshadowing, if it even exists, behavioral scientists conducted a study to demonstrate the disparities. Many researchers have designed an experiment to measure a person’s cognitive ability to remember accurately a perpetrator that has committed a crime in a police lineup (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler,
Therapy can mean many different things from relaxation therapy to group therapy or even seeing a psychologist. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most effective treatment plans for patients dealing with anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral therapy deals with the patient’s problems, and helping them find different ways to cope with their situations. They help change negative thoughts into more supportive thoughts and answers. If a patient can realize what activates their anxiety they will be able to recognize when they need to talk to someone or even take their medications as prescribed. Promoting resilience is another way to help with patients cope with anxiety. “Resilience is the quality of being hardy or stress resistant.” (Karen M. Burke, 2011) Nurses or even family members can help older patients with anxiety by supporting their ADL’s, and that is encouraging resilience. The most common medications used to treat anxiety are benzodiazepines and sedative hypnotics. Benzodiazepines have a rapid onset and help react to the central nervous system. The most common side effects of benzodiazepines are sedation, weakness, lethargy, dizziness, and a decreased in organization. The most common benzodiazepines prescribed are Xanax, klonopin, valium, and Ativan. Sedative-hypnotic agents have a more sedative effect on the mind and help treat insomnia. Side effects include sedation, drowsiness, and dizziness. Most
Have you ever been an eyewitness at the scene of a crime? If you were, do you think that you would be able to accurately describe, in precise detail, everything that happened and remember distinct features of the suspect? Many people believe that yes they would be able to remember anything from the events that would happen and the different features of the suspect. Some people, in fact, are so sure of themselves after witnessing an event such as this that they are able to testify that what they think they saw was indeed what they saw. However, using an eyewitness as a source of evidence can be risky and is rarely 100% accurate. This can be proven by the theory of the possibility of false memory formation and the question of whether or not a memory can lie.
Eyewitness identification is presented as evidence quite often in the criminal justice system. The reliability and accuracy of an eyewitness testimony is still being researched today. Over 300 wrongful convictions have been exonerated including 75% of those wrongful convictions done by eyewitness misidentification, have been overturned through DNA evidence according to the Innocence Project. A person’s memories are not videotaped therefore recalling a specific event can be challenging and inaccurate. There are many factors that that can intervene with the accuracy of which an individual remembers an event or more specific, a face. These factors include, their mental state, the weapon focus, the cross-race effect and the influence of both line-ups
However, it has been demonstrated that like other memory it can be inaccurate, and lead to mistaken identity. A moderate level of arousal is ideal for a witness being able to pay attention to specific details of a crime. Cognitive psychologists have studied how accurate are witnesses’ perceptions and how accurate are their descriptions and identifications, (Goldstein, 2010, pp. 231-233). Loftus described in her TED TALK why people make errors in eyewitness testimony. Loftus spoke about how an innocent man was convicted of a crime. She explained that the police stopped Tyros because his car was similar to the car that earlier in the night was driven by a person who raped a woman. She explained that the police showed a Tyros’ picture during a line up recognition. The victim pointed at Tyros as the perpetrator, and when she saw him at the trial, she said that she was completed sure that was Tyros the person who had raped her. The most disturbing thing about this example is that many other innocent people have been taken to prison for crimes that they did not