Artificial Intelligence
"My name is Dorothy," said the girl, "and I am going to the Emerald City, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas."
"Where is the Emerald City?" he enquired; "and who is Oz?"
"Why, don't you know?" she returned in surprise.
"No, indeed; I don't know anything. You see, I am stuffed, so I have no brains at all," he answered, sadly.
"Oh," said Dorothy; "I'm awfully sorry for you."
"Do you think," he asked, "If I go to the Emerald City with you, that the great Oz would give me some brains?"
"I cannot tell you," she returned; "but you may come with me, if you like. If Oz will not give you any brains you will be no worse off than you are now."
-L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful World of Oz1
As Dorothy and the Scarecrow begin their search for a "brain," we can catch a glimpse of an issue that has been bouncing around our culture for centuries: can man make a machine think? While Baum's story does not focus on the Scarecrow as the possibility of a thinking machine, he does raise the question of whether a human brain is necessary for thinking. This question of the brainÕs vitality is first exposed to our culture with what many literary critics feel is the birth of Science Fiction, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
Frankenstein is the story of dead body parts being brought to life through the use of electricity. After witnessing the creature's action readers are left asking if the human brain is sufficient for thinking or if there is more to thinking than a brain? Other Science Fiction writers took this to a different level and "created" the robot, a non-human thinking machine. Frankenstein is on the cusp of humans and non-humans and the beginning of the debate of what it means to artificially think. These imagined ideas caused others to think about making these ideas a reality. Marvin Minsky, one of the original scientists involved in establishing artificial intelligence, cites Science Fiction as one of his major motivators to enter the world of AI. It was not until the summer of 1956 that scientists felt that it might be possible to write non-fiction accounts of robots at some point in the near future.
During the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College, scholars, who would later be considered the founding fathers of
Under the UN 1982 treaty, a state’s territorial sea extends twelve nautical miles from the national coastline (Slomanson 305). Within this area, Ecuador exercises its sovereignty over these waters as if it were a landmass (Slomanson 305). All aspects of the sea are under its control, including the seabed and airspace. Furthermore, Ecuador is allowed to impose laws that regulate the territory and consume resources that lie inside this defined area. Within this territorial sea, Ecuador “must exercise its sovereign power in this adjacent strip of water” (Slomanson 305). Additionally, Ecuador is expected to chart this water and to provide warning of navigational hazards (Slomanson 305). However, Ecuador did not act upon this and was “lax in enforcing it”. In 1951, the International Court of Justice issued this statement in response to a ruling:
The Clarion Herald states, “Philip Matthew Hannan fifth of eight children of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Francis Hannan, was born in Washington, D.C.” (Clarion Herald 1). Archbishop Hannan was born on May 20, 1913 where he spent most of his young life. Tom Benson told the Clarion Herald, “Archbishop Hannan once told me that the New Orleans Saints were part of the unique culture and social fabric of our city. The same can be and must be said of him,” (Clarion Herald 35). New Orleans mourned the death of Hannan on Thursday, September 29, 2011.
Mary Shelley’s novel arises several questions relevant to the present day. A question that arises from the novel is whether man is born evil or made evil from his life experiences. The debate on whether how far man should pursue knowledge exists today as well as other questions challenged in the novel therefore “Frankenstein” is a popular novel at present as much as it was in the past.
Artificial Intelligence is very similar to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues raised are the same.
Dr. Duffy’s quality-caring model is applicable and measurable. The four concepts of the model guides nurses how to care patients in the clinical settings. Recognizing different types of relationships provides an understanding of caring and promotes the quality of care. For example, I currently work as a telephonic cares manager at Humana. All my patients never meet me, which challenges me to build a sense of trust in the beginning. However, caring, honesty, and open hearted are ice breakers. When my patients feel the sense of caring, they are apt to open up to accept me.
The story of Winston Churchill’s upbringing and life through politics and war did not begin as one might expect. More often than not, fictional stories usually portray our main character as a man of little things who climbs the social ladder through their own achievements and intelligence. Instead, Churchill began and ended his extensive life as a privileged being, but it is in the middle where the most interesting facts lay. Winston Churchill is the most influential man in European History. Beginning as a boy who hated school to a man who could sway another with a single speech, his personal change was drastic; but so was the change that he brought to the world and Great Britain.
Since the institution of nursing was first established, care has remained the primary component. Being able to provide care to patients on an emotional level is another example of the distinctive power that nurses uphold. Generally, the nurse is the predominant choice of the patient when he/she must determine who best to confer with or share personal thoughts or concerns with, as well as who the patient trusts most with management of their own well-being. This form of day-to-day, intimate patient-nurse relationship is a powerful component of
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, unconsciously played a major role in creating a precedent for future monsters. This story has fascinated readers for many years. Although now we see Frankenstein as a “classic”, it wasn’t always this way. The novel first introduced the genre of science fiction to literature. It has been declared as the pioneer of the genre.
Islam, a religion of people submitting to one God, seeking peace and a way of life without sin, is always misunderstood throughout the world. What some consider act of bigotry, others believe it to be the lack of education and wrong portrayal of events in media; however, one cannot not justify the so little knowledge that America and Americans have about Islam and Muslims. Historically there are have been myths, many attacks on Islam and much confusion between Islam as a religion and Middle Easter culture that is always associated with it. This paper is meant to dispel, or rather educate about the big issues that plague people’s minds with false ideas and this will only be touching the surface.
We can see Frankenstein’s influence in I,Robot, when the power of the created becomes greater than the power of the creator. In I,Robot, Dr. Alfred Lanning builds the United States Robotics corporation almost single-handedly. However, the mainframe to the entire operation, a Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence (VIKI) system, becomes self aware, and ends up turning all of Lanning’s creation upon him. Lanning creates the robots on the basis of the three laws, which are as follows,
The most obvious and well-known theory of the story of Frankenstein is that of a warning to the dangers of science: “ Mary Shelley’s implicit warning against possible dangers inherent in the technological developments of modern science” (Mellor, 1988:114). Shelley was very interested in ...
Fellman, Gordon. "The Truths of Frankenstein: Technologism and Images of Destruction." Psychohistory Review 19 (1991): 177231.
The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth, and early nineteenth century created a significant advance in technology. Mary Shelly’s life and literature were influenced by this technological turning point. Thirst of knowledge is a dominant theme in Mary Shelly’s “Frankenstein”, and the driving force behind continuous technological developments. Human Beings are completely dependent on Modern technology and it would be difficult to survive without it. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a growing reality. Many scientists are predicting a computer will soon pass the Turing test, thus making a human and machine indistinguishable. With breakthroughs in nanotechnology, humans will soon be able to sustain a longer life. Technological advancements have been speeding up since computing power is growing exponentially. With artificial intelligence and nanotechnology becoming more of a reality, Victor Frankenstein’s desire of cheating death is becoming more than just fiction.
Burke, W. W. (2014). Organization change: Theory and practice, 4 edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Humans can expand their knowledge to adapt the changing environment. To do that they must “learn”. Learning can be simply defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. Although learning is an easy task for most of the people, to acquire new knowledge or skills from data is too hard and complicated for machines. Moreover, the intelligence level of a machine is directly relevant to its learning capability. The study of machine learning tries to deal with this complicated task. In other words, machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence that tries to find an answer to this question: how to make computer learn?