Yearly, around six hundred to nine hundred people are diagnosed with Aplastic Anemia within the United States. Aplastic Anemia is a autoimmune hematological disorder that causes pancytopenia which is a reduction in major blood components, namely, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. This disease has been labelled as a type of bone marrow failure, that is often due to not one but a variety of disorders that occur simultaneously. Aplastic Anemia can therefore be defined as a bone marrow disorder that is often rare, non contagious, and can often be life threatening.
immunity explained on a cellular level
Although Aplastic Anemia is idiopathic, meaning the cause of this disorder is still unknown. Researches suggests that triggers can set this disorder of the immunity off. These triggers include, radiation or chemotherapy treatments, as they can damage healthy cells. Some medications, such as antibiotics or those that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. As well as viruses such a parvovirus 19. Before we can understand the the complexity of Aplastic Anemia lets take a closer look at the body’s natural adaptive immunity. Starting with the main component, our bone marrow. Bone marrow is produced via hematopoiesis in the medullary cavities located in the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. It is composed of myeloid tissue which is spongy and slightly gelatinous in texture. There are a few reasons why bone marrow is of importance to us. Firstly it is the site of production of undifferentiated cells, known as multipotent stem cells. These stem cells can later be transcribed into a variety of different cell types but are mostly transcribed into erythrocytes. Erythrocytes are vital to our bodies homeostasis because they provide ...
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...the T-cell can either produce antibodies, or can kill the cell entirely. There are a few types of T-cells namely, helper t-cells- which release cytokins to stimulate other lymphocytes to help isolate the antigen. The second is cytotoxic T-cells which are a CD8 co receptor and have the ability to kill antigens directly. These two cells plus Leukocytes are what in turn run our immune cells.
autoimmune disease and aplastic anemia
Now that we understand how B-cells and T-cells fight antigens to help protect us. What occurs during an autoimmune disorder, specifically Aplastic Anemia? An auto immune response is an immune response against ones owns cells. Further more autoimmune diseases can be classified into 3 categories; haemolytic autoimmune disease, which is a abnormalities with regards to the blood. Localized autoimmune disease which specifically targets one organ
To be able to determine which task the immune system needs to take to fight off the pathogen, it must be able to differentiate between self and non-self-substances. The immune system gets activated by the non-self-substances called antigens. The antigens attach to special receptor sites on defense cells which starts cell processes. If the body has come in contact with the antigen before, it will be able to respond to it more quickly (PubMed Health).
Sickle cell anemia is a disease that reforms the patient’s red blood cells, which makes the red blood cells has an abnormal shape like a sickle. Sickled red blood cells can result to severe anemia; decrease causes numerous painful symptoms in patients. A defective protein called hemoglobin is what cause the abnormal shape of the red blood cells in the sickle cell patients.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by low amounts of hemoglobin and a low count of erythrocytes in the body. Thalassemia is caused by mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid of cells, which makes hemoglobin. The mutations are passed from parent to child. The mutations vary depending on the type of Thalassemia inherited. The variation in the mutation occurs from the number of gene mutations, which are inherited, as well as mutation within the hemoglobin molecule. Clinical manifestations are diverse ranging from asymptomatic, to those who are carriers of the thalassemia, which may have mild symptoms, there also people who posses the trait, who may have severe symptoms which lead to death.
Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder that makes your body produce red blood cells that are abnormal in shape. This disease is also widely known as hemoglobin SS disease. Unlike normal red blood cells, sickle cells are rigid and tenacious. Due to their shape and rigidness, they can block blood flow. In turn, this could cause organ damage to the body. Sickle cells are also fragile and die very easily due to the fact sickle cells have a lifespan of twenty days instead of the normal one hundred and twenty days for normal red blood cells.This causes the body to have a lower blood cell count, hence the name anemia in sickle cell anemia.
Anaemia, which is a low level of oxygen in the blood due to a lack of red blood cells or lack of haemoglobin heart failure, which means your heart is having problem pumping enough blood around your body, usually because the heart muscle has become too weak or stiff to work properly a problem with your heart rate or rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation.
There are many causes of anemia in the body. Some factors include genetics and deficiencies in the diet. Ms. A claims that for the past 10 – 12 years menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a problem for her. Menorrhagia is abnormal and heavy menstrual bleeding during menstruation (Mayoclinic, 2013). Menorrhagia can deplete iron levels in the blood and increase the risk of an individual to have iron deficiency anemia. This is the cause of Ms. A’s anemia. Moreover, Ms. A says that she constantly takes aspirin especially in the summer to prevent stiffness in the joints. Aspirin affects and hinders the production of red blood cells (Mayoclinic, 2013). From the description of anemia given above, the lack of red blood cells, leads to low levels of iron and therefore low levels of hemoglobin which in turn affects the transportation of oxygen and thereby causing shortness of breath. Ms. A’s initial complains of shortness of breath and fatigue is the reason why she went to see the physician.
This can trigger cytotoxic T cells to kill cancer cells with the same antigen – often HPV viral proteins in cervical cancer. T cells may not be activated to their full potential – recall that the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 in T cells sends a stronger signal than CD28, the activating receptor.
Your immune system is used to fight bacteria and viruses and it helps to keep you healthy. Sometimes your immune system can develop lymph and immune system disorders. What happens is your immune system can become over active or it can become weak chancing your bodies response to bacteria and viruses. If you are born with an immunodeficiency disorder it is called primary immunodeficiency if you develop it later in life it is called acquired immunodeficiency (UOR Medical Center, 2014). When the immune system over reacts it will start to attack and produce antibodies, which results in damaging its own tissues. With an immune system that under reacts it is unable to fight things that enter the body, which leads to more infections. Some kinds of lymph and immune system conditions are lymphoma, mononucleosis, edema, allergic reactions, HIV, anaphylaxis.
Anemia is a disease that is commonly seen in veterinary medicine. This disease can be described as having low amounts of red blood cells and a reduced amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It develops from loss, destruction or lack of production of red blood cells. Anemia is usually a secondary disease caused by another disease or medical condition. There are three different types of anemia; regenerative, non-regenerative and relative.
Because FA affects the function of the bone marrow and eventually leads to bone marrow failure, an adequate amount of red, and white blood cells, and platelets are not produced. When there is a deficiency in red blood cells patients may experience “weakness, fatigue, and a pale appearance” yet, when a person's body doesn't produce enough white blood cells they “may be vulnerable to common germs and infections.” Additionally, a person who has an inability to produce blood platelets suffers from “easy bruising, nosebleeds, and possible internal bleeding” (Freivogel). In addition to bone marrow failure, around ten to fifteen percent of people with FA are diagnosed with leukemia, “specifically acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)” (Freivogel). leukemia affects the blood system, causing your body to rapidly produce abnormal white blood cells which suppresses the production of healthy white blood cells. To make matters worse when a patient has FA it makes them extremely sensitive to the harsh drugs used in treating leukemia making it very difficult to treat. Hyperpigmentation was recorded in “approximately 65% of patients” (Freivogel). Hyperpigmentation is a darkening of the skin, it can appear in spots or splotches, or it can cover a larger area of the individual's skin. The symptoms of FA are very
Red blood cells are carriers of oxygen. A percentage of these cells contain hemoglobin, which has the capacity to combine with iron. It's the iron-hemoglobin molecular structure that helps carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to your tissues and in return, delivers carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be expelled. A CBC with Differential that shows low red blood cell levels can indicate anemia. RBCs comprise about 40% of total blood volume; the RBC count is the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood (Rauen, 2012). Normal red blood cells values vary a...
Sickle Cell Anemia is a blood disorder which is passed down from parents to a child. Many people have Sickle Cell Anemia in the U.S and around the world. These people have a wide variety of symptoms, varying from semi-severe to life threatening problems while others live with little to no recognizable symptoms.
...l risk factors that are fully linked developing multiple myeloma. Therefore, preventative measures remain unknown.
Iron is a mineral that is found the in hemoglobin of the Red Blood Cells. It facilitates in the transport of oxygen all over the body. Without this mineral, oxygen cannot be carried to its full capacity. 1 out of 10 women and small children have iron deficiencies. Lacking iron causes lethargy and a weakened immune system. Children who do not have an adequate intake of iron put themselves at risk for intellectual developmental problems. However, an iron deficient person is not necessarily anemic. 7.8 million women are iron deficient, while only 3.3 million women are anemic (http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9704/iron_def.htm). When the deficiency becomes so severe that the circulating Red Blood Count and the minerals Ht, Hg, and Hem drop below normal, anemia occurs (See Figure 1). The hormone androgen causes men and women to have different normal values of the hemogram (http://www.medstudents.com.br/hemat/hemat4.htm). Low ferritin (iron storage molecule) and high TIBC (tota...
in Hematology on a regular basis, but there were still things I learned by going through