Anthropologie du Bo (Théorie et Pratique du gris-gris)
ABSTRACT: Subjective knowledge should not be separated from anthropology. But, unfortunately, this is the prevailing practice. The anthropology of Bo expresses the presence of Africa in anthropology. The authenticity of the African is found in his fervent practice of Bo. His thought, action, relations with others-his entire way of life-is based on the practice of Bo insofar as he wears Bo names. Bo is deeply rooted in his cultural values and comprises the background for all social organizations and thus acts as a social regulator. In Western anthropology there is a scientific mind; in African anthropology there is a Bo mentality that attempts to understand the world and then conquer it.
Problématique
Le premier devoir de l'homme selon Socrate, est de se connaître soi-même. De philosophique cette connaissance est devenue anthropologique de nos jours. L'anthropologie est une science qui tend à l'exclusion des autres, des autres hommes, des autres sociétés, des autres cultures. L'homme qu'elle connaît n'est pas un être abstrait, mais un homme concret, de tel continent, de telle race, de tel pays, de telle culture. C'est par exemple l'africain en général ou le béninois en particulier. Ainsi nous allons au cours de ce vingtième (XXème) Congrès Mondial de Philosphie, réfléchir sur l'homme en nous appuyant sur sa pratique du Bo (concept fon traduit en français par gris-gris).
Dans l'Homme et l'adaptation au milieu, René DUBOS écrit à la page : "On a généralement tendance à considérer que les activités scientifiques (recherches, etc...) sont à mettre à part de l'ensemble des manifestations de la vie humaine, et même qu'elles sont au-dessus ; cette tendance est dangeureuse pour l'humanité ; elles risque même de freiner le progrès scientifique. En fait, vu les rapports étroits qui existent entre l'entreprise scientifique et la totalité de la vie sociale, il est probable que la poursuite de la science ne sera possible que si les savants parviennent à rattacher leur curiosité professionnelle aux intérêts et aux aspirations de l'humanité en général... Le choix des priorités ne pourra plus se faire uniquement selon les critères de préférence presonnelle ; de plus en plus il sera fonction des exigences de la société. La science est comparable à un organisme qui ne peut survivre qu'en s'adaptant à l'évolution de la société au sein de laquelle elle fonctionne". Cette longue citation de l'anthropologue américain éclaire d'une lumière vive nos préoccupations dans le choix de notre sujet "ANTHROPOLOGIE DU BO" (théorie et pratique du gris-gris).
The formation of the Africana Studies Project includes Knowledge, Power, and Humanity. This insurrectionary intellectual formation examines the worlds of meaning, thought, and expression of Africans, reconstructing new meanings and possibilities for humanity. Development of African American Studies has increased awareness of the contribution of African Americans to the civilizations of the world, using its many themes and concepts, while also displaying many issues. One main issue of this, is the lack of Africana knowledge. For African American discipline to advance, its focal point must be the production and utilization of knowledge, to develop solutions to various issues in our society.
This can take a turn for the worse: if scientists have to have their work follow what politics, religions, and people believe, we might limit what science stands for. Religion and politics should never have control over science, instead they should use science to help explain their own goals. Science should be used as a way to challenge old beliefs and help clear out fact from fiction. At the same time though, science should challenge itself so it can stay true to its main point of challenging old dogmas, as Carl Sagan said in his article.
Mauroni, A. J. (2007). Chemical and biological warfare a reference handbook (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, Inc..
Over time concepts of ‘Race’, defined as a distinct group with a common linage, and ‘Primitive’ which pertains to the beginning or origin, , have been inextricably linked with the perception of Africa. The confusion of the two in the minds of people at the end of the 19th centaury, and some of the 20th, caused a sense of superiority amongst the ‘White Races’ that affected every aspect of their interaction with ‘the Black’. The ‘Civilisation’ of Africa by conquest and force was justified by these views.
Society seems to be divided between the idea if science is more harmful than helpful. We live in a world where humans depend on science and technology to improve important aspects of society, such as medical machinery, which supports the fact that science is more of a friend than a foe. Science is advancing every day. The United States has come a long way with its ongoing developments, giving individuals a chance to improve society as a whole. Not only does the United States benefit from such growth, but every modernized country does so as well. Through science and technology, individuals learn from past endeavors and apply it to present and future projects, paving the way for new discoveries and efficient enhancements
The bee population has been declining for many years now, one report stating that “Between April 2014 and April 2015, about 42 percent of the honeybees in managed colonies died” (Weeks). That is an extremely alarming rate, and while scientists have some ideas as to why the decline took place, there is still not a definitive answer. However, scientists do agree “[that] pesticides are contributing to widespread declines of bees, butterflies and
Then, further consider the effects it will have on themselves as individuals, and society in the future. Throughout both articles there is the use of research, and statistics to solidify the urgency of the decline in bees. Tirado, Simon, and Johnston, use statistics showing us that, “Without insect pollination, about one third of the crops we eat would have to be pollinated by other means, or they would produce significantly less food. Up to 75% of our crops would suffer some decrease in productivity”. The use of percentage validates that the statistics provided are supported by research. Consequently, we know individuals who have attained a higher level of education do research and in today’s society, education is greatly respected, therefore persuading the reader to believe in the information that the article provides. Furthermore, Mangosing underlines the extreme level of which we, as a society rely on pollinators to sustain our sources of food, and ideal health. His statement further supports this, “Thus, the trend of dying bee colonies can potentially lead to human health issues and serious effect on the world food security, since 35% of the human diet is thought to benefit from pollinators”. Both authors validate the role that bees have in food production, and global health through the use
When people see the jet black and bright yellow coat and hear the terrifying buzz of bees, a fight or flight response occurs almost immediately. People are afraid of getting stung, creating an image in their heads that bees are inherently evil, completely disregarding the fact that bees are the main source of food production as they nourish our plants. If Earth did not have bees to pollinate our crops, people would stare down barren tables at dinner time. This may soon become a reality if the current downward population trend of bees continue. For years, Earth has been losing bees and the pollination that they provide. Colony Collapse Disorder is a condition that has led to the disappearance of 25% of the honeybee population since 1990 (Hackett,
Companies all throughout America are ignoring the United States Department of Agriculture’s warning of the continued use of insecticides leading to Colony Collapse Disorder, in which the adult honeybees disappear from the hive and leave the queen and younger bees alone. Some companies, according to the United States Public Interest Research Group, such as Syngenta, have “... even asked federal regulators for permission to use even larger quantities of these pesticides — as much as 400 times more than currently allowed” (uspirg.org). Although bees may be responsible for the killing of many people, since bees annually contribute billions of dollars to the United States’ economy, the unnecessary killing of them through
The Apis Mellifera, or honey bee, have survived on this planet for fifty million years. This species of bee is responsible for pollinating flowers, grass, trees and crops around the world. Much of the food we eat is dependent on honey bees for pollination. Our ecosystem depends on the survival of the honey bee. Colonies of honeybees have been disappearing at an alarming rate around the world due to parasites, viral and bacterial diseases, and the introduction of pesticides and herbicides. Over the past six years, on average, 30 percent of all the honey bee colonies in the U.S. died off over the winter of 2012(NPR/TED). If this trend continues to spiral downward, honey bees will disappear from the world. We must understand the importance of the Honey bee and change our environmental practices in order to sustain this vital insect.
Seth Schonwald M.D. A.B.M.T. (1992, July). Mustard Gas. The PSR Quarterly Vol. 2 No. 2
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Due to Environmental stressors that affect the environment like parasites, pesticides, climate change, etc. we are losing honey bees.This paper will examine and discuss these stressing factors that are harming/affecting honey bees to the point of endangerment. This paper will also identify how much we depend on honey bees, and how much we would lose if we were to lose them.
Honey Bees became of no relevance in the 1990s as many people gave up beekeeping due to economic reasons(Verlang-Springer 2010). Thus, insecurities came to exist in regards to Beekeeping and management, in relations to a further economic problems which people were not willing to take on at the same time. Moreover, more light was shed due on Honey Bee declines in regards to winter storms and losses (Verlang-Springer 2010). Not only have these been indentified factors in regards to Bee colony declines but also declines in Honey bees in general, as well as other animal
middle of paper ... ... ’s depictions of both traditional and modern beliefs in varying degrees illustrate the importance of both in contemporary Nigerian culture, as well as the greater Africa as a whole, and how both are intertwined and cannot exist without the other. In effect, she skillfully subverts stereotypes or single perceptions of Africa as backward and traditional, proving instead, the multifaceted culture of Africa. She further illustrates that neither traditional African nor western culture is necessarily detrimental. It is the stark contrast of the fundamental cultures that inevitably leads to clashes and disagreements.