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The Destruction of the World’s Coral Reefs
The effect of climate change on coral reefs
The effect of climate change on coral reefs
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Abstract:
Humans have a very large effect on the ecosystems of coral reefs. Sensitivity of coral reefs causes them to be more susceptible to harmful anthropogenic practices. Some of these are sedimentation, global warming, recreational activities, poison fishing, blast fishing practices, water pollution, and coral mining. All of these very different practices can effectively end up with the same results; the mortality of coral reefs around the world. Coral reefs are an important ecosystem of the world, and support many different industries and millions of people.
Introduction
Coral Reefs are said to be the “tropical rainforest” of the sea. They are home to over 25% of all marine life (http://coralreefalliance.org.stories/storyReader$77). Over the past few decades they have been subjected to destructive anthropogenic practices. Some of the major threats to coral reefs include sedimentation, water pollution, harmful recreational activities, and global warming. All of these things cause stress on corals and can potentially cause mortality. Corals are made up of two parts, a polyp and zooxanthellae. A polyp is a calcerous body that grows from a hard part of the ocean floor. Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae which lives in the polyp and provide energy for themselves and the coral. In many cases, corals undergo “bleaching,” which is a process where corals lose the zooxantheallae or chlorophyll pigment, and turn white (Wilkinson et all). After bleaching corals can survive for several months. It is possible for corals to recover by hosting more zooxantheallae, but it can take between 5 and 50 years for them to recover completely (Wilkinson et all, 1999).
Sedimentation
As the human p...
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http://www.coralreefalliance.org/stories/storyReader$77
http://www.earthisland.org
Earth, an endless source of wonder and beauty, produced the Great Barrier Reef. Hustling and bustling, the Reef thrives like a busy city, teeming with life. Sheltering thousands, corals, maintain the well-being of the Reef; however, the world threatens its nature and delicacy. Populations growing and technological advances increasing, the world becomes more and more disconnected with the natural world, posing an alarming risk for the planet we live on. Although many organizations try to keep the oceans clean, because of human interference and unnatural occurrences, the Great Barrier Reef needs scientific help to adapt corals to new conditions for means of survival, putting pressure on the Australian government to save their ocean environment.
Climate change has been affecting coral reefs in a negative way. If the climate continues to get warmer more of our coral reef become bleached, the structure of the reefs will become weak, and algae that keeps coral healthy will die. In the essay, “A framework for understanding Climate change impacts on Coral Reefs” by Joshua Clinner (2016), he emphasizes our climate change has become one of the long-term threats to coral reef. The article “Climate change and human impacts are damaging the world’s coral reefs”, which didn’t include an author (2001), states that the sea temperatures throughout the tropics has increased dramatically leaving much of the coral unhealthy. Spencer Hall (2008), discussed in his article “Coral Reefs and Climate Change”, how the increase in climate change puts a lot of stress on coral reefs because they are very sensitive to the change of temperature. Rigel B (2003) states in his essay, “Climate Change and Coral Reefs”, that coral reef has already been negatively impacted by
Bleaching is when the ocean water become too warm, “corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to mortality.” (Cave and Gillis). When a coral bleaches, it is more of like a self defense mode, which makes it turn white. The coral loses its food source as well. The downfall of this is that without the cooler waters, the corals could die of starvation or disease. Cooler waters from below can help a bleached coral bounce back to its natural state. However, if the water stays too warm for an extended period of time, “the corals don't just bleach, they cook and they die very quickly,.” (Westcott). Throughout time, much of the corals near Cairns and northward have lost the most corals. Hughes states that, “near Cairns, the Great Barrier Reef has lost 47 percent to 83 percent of their coral and as you go northward, the Great Barrier Reef has lost 11percent to 35 percent of its corals.” (Cave and Gillis). In another report, “a study last year found the largest die off of corals ever recorded with about 67 per cent of shallow water coral found dead in a survey of a 700km stretch.” (Johnston). In 2016 and 2017, there were back to back bleaching events. According to CNN reports, “back to back bleaching events in 2016 and 2017 have devastated a 1,500 km (900 miles) stretch of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.” (Westcott). Before the 2016 bleaching event of the Great Barrier Reef, there have only been two bleaching events, 1998 and 2002. According the Hughes, “only 9 percent of the reef has avoided bleaching since 1998.” (Cave and Gillis). That means that over 90 percent of the Great Barrier Reef has been affected by coral bleaching at least once in the past 19 years.
Corals provide shelter for nearly one quarter of all known marine species. The reefs are home to over 4000 species of fish, 700 species of coral, and thousands of other forms of plant and animal life. Living coral reefs are the foundation of marine life, and this also means that they are essential for human life, but all over the world they are dead or dying because people are destroying them at a very fast rate. Already 10% have been lost, and there are predictions that 705 of all corals on the planet will be destroyed in 20 to 40 years unless people stop doing what they are doing now – i.e., pollution, sewage, erosion, cyanide fishing, bad tourism.
Coral bleaching is when the tiny algae that lives in the coral which causes it to be bright and colourful, gets so stressed out when the water temperature exceeds the limit that it can handle, which then makes the algae
A. Global Warming kills Great Barrier Reef coral. http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/exterel/news/981008News/8.10.coral.html. Coral bleaching http://www.uvi.edu/coral.reefer/bleach.htm Coral Reef http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=050FE000 Coral reefs in peril worldwide. http://usatoday.com/life/science/environ/lse011.htm Coral'stress' worsening, expert says.
Parts of the Great Barrier Reef are over 18 million years old. During this time sea levels have changed, with the Great Barrier Reef being left high and dry during the last ice age, turning into grassy plains. Sea levels rose as ice caps melted around 12 000 years ago, allowing corals to reestablish on old remnant reefs. It is the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem. The Great Barrier Reef is home to 1500 species of fish, 400 species of coral, 40000 species of Mollusk, 500 species of sea weed 215 species of birds, 16 species of sea snake and 6 species of turtle. However over time this diversity is rapidly decreasing, it is vital that the Great Barrier Reef is protected.
Although there are many uncertain factor in the study of coral reefs, what we can sure is that the diversity and the quantity of Great Barrier Reef is decreasing under the global warming. No matter coral reefs’ future is more serious or it is optimistic, global warming’s effect on coral reefs is negative, especially for Great Barrier Reef. Disregard of coral reefs’ protection on coastal, there are still million of people relying on the tourism or other aspects of Great Barrier Reef. Contemplating policies that result in [CO2]atm above 500 ppm appears extremely risky for coral reefs and the tens of millions of people who depend on them directly, even under the most optimistic circumstances(Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). People have to take action to stop the steps of global warming. There are many experts predict the future of coral reefs without human action, for example: Without the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations, it seems inevitable that many of the world’s coral reefs will become nonaccreting habitats—they will, based on most common definitions, cease to be coral reefs(Mark 2015; Barbara 2015); Eakin :Unless there is concerted action to reduce greenhouse gases,” he warns, “bleaching will become increasingly common and not just during extraordinary weather events”(Dennis
Oceans cover 71% of the earth’s surface. The talk of climate change can often seem to focus on what is happening in our atmosphere, but there is a lot of change going on in our oceans. The oceans have absorbed 90% of the excess heat and 28% of the carbon pollution generated by human consumption of fossil fuels (Nuccitelli 2015). The purpose of this paper is to show how the effects of climate change effect the coral reefs in our oceans, with a focus on the coral reef systems in the Caribbean and of the Great Barrier Reef. The Caribbean coral reefs are well known to have suffered more damage between the two reef systems. That’s not to say that the Great Barrier Reef has not suffered its own damage. It has and will continue to suffer in the future.
The burning of fossil fuels and lack of awareness are the reasons the economy and the reef are in the shape that they are there in. Because of climate change the ocean water temperatures have risen, causing coral bleaching and eventually
This article discusses how important the organisms symbiotic with coral reefs are, as well as how important coral reefs are to our environment. Also explained is how natural and non natural things things like hurricanes and overfishing affects them. A study is quoted about how water acidity also plays a role in the bleaching of corals. Lastly, restoration and conservation efforts are discussed and how we could possibly help our oceans.
For one thing, excessive sea temperatures are the leading cause of coral bleaching. Many marine biologists agree that climate change is a major threat to the fact that “coral reef ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate- induced changes in the physical environment” (Baker et. al 436). Their studies have also proved that, “since the 1980s, coral reef ‘‘bleaching’’, caused by unusually high sea temperatures, has had devastating and widespread effects worldwide” (436). In the last thirty years, coral has been boiling under the heat of the sun. As a result, the algae flee to find a more subtle environment. Depriving the coral reef from its resources, the effect of rising sea temperatures are not only visible, but physical as well. When the water becomes too warm for the coral to tolerate, the production of its egg and sperm are reduced dramatically, preventing the coral from reproducing. Warm temperatures also hinder the growth of coral. As the algae leaves the coral, its tissue becomes visible and it is more prone to diseases. If the coral reef does not retain the algae, it starves to death, which disrupts the organism’s growth cycle. Restricted to grow during humidity, the coral reef must bear with carbon
Coral reefs are well known for their colorful array of marvelous sights including a parade of exotic flora and fauna. They are said to be the foundation for a quarter of marine species, and are a crucial support for human life as well. The coral reef ecosystem is a diverse collection of species (ranging from microscopic to larger-than-life in size) that interact with each other and their physical environment. If any piece of a coral reef is harmed or removed the entire community can be seriously affected, even to the point of collapse. Unfortunately, human impact has resulted in long-term stresses that, unlike the short-term stress of natural disasters, coral reefs are not as capable to recover from. “Approximately half of the world’s coral reef ecosystem resources are considered by scientists to be in 'poor' or 'fair' condition and have declined over time due to several anthropogenic threats” (“Status of Corals” par. 2). Through poorly administered commercial practices, carelessness and ignorance among the common people, and human aggravated natural processes coral reef destruction has become a serious issue afflicting the world’s biodiversity and it’s intricate biosphere mechanics (“Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef” 1) (“What Are Coral Reefs?” 1).
Located in tropical ocean waters, coral reefs provide priceless resources to both human and marine life. The leading natural cause of destruction among the coral reefs is global warming. Other natural causes are earthquakes, hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons. The destruction to the coral reefs from these natural disasters is minimal compared to the dangers caused by man. Man-made destruction has a much wider impact on the health of the coral reefs. This destruction includes over-fishing, damage from anchors, aquarium industry, overgrowth of seaweed, and being smothered by sediments.
In conclusion, I would like to say that before writing this paper, I had no idea how important coral reefs were to the earth. I have learned a lot and I think that if more people were informed about the positive capabilities of them, humans wouldn't be so careless about them.