Anatomy and Physiology
The term homeostasis is used to mean maintenance of static or constant
conditions in the internal environment in the organism. Essentially
all of the organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help
to maintain these constant conditions. For instance, the lungs provide
oxygen to the extra cellular fluid to replenish oxygen that is being
used by the cells; the kidneys maintain constant ion concentrations
and the gastrointestinal system provides nutrients.
Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can be
used in their absorbed form by the cells. The liver changes the
chemical compositions of many of these substances to more useable
forms and other tissues of the body – fat cells, gastrointestinal
mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands - help to modify the absorbed
substances or store them until they are needed.
Nervous system is composed of three major parts: the sensory input
portion, the central nervous system) or integrated portion), and the
motor output portion. Sensory receptors detect the state of the body
or the state of the surrounding. For instance, receptors present
everywhere in the skin at any point. The eyes are sensory organs that
give one a visual image of the surrounding area, for instance human
getting image of coming to his direction carriage starts to run to
avoid crash. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and
spinal cord. The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain,
midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum,
thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain
consists of the tectum and tegmentum. ...
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... increases the rates of
most chemical reactions in all cells. In this way, thyroid hormone
helps to set the tempo of body activity. Insulin controls glucose
metabolism; hormonal system mainly controls metabolic functions.
References:
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Receptors Involved in Nerve Excitation, Synaptic Transmission, and
Muscle. New York Academy of Sciences. 1994.
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Oxford University Press, 1995.
In this paper I will clarify the relation between the integumentary system and the skeletal system. During this paper I will address how the two systems work together to maintain homeostasis and what occurs when balance is not maintained between the integumentary and skeletal system. During this paper I will explain how osteoporosis is directly linked between both the integumentary and skeletal system and ways to prevent or yield this disease.
While the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are most reliant on one another, all body systems require a functioning circulatory cycle in order to thrive. Blood circulation and consistent transfer of oxygen to cells is required to maintain cell and tissue life. Disturbances to this process will cause cells and tissues to die (Red Cross 48). This state of balance and functioning body systems is referred to as homeostasis, defined as a “condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of body’s many regulatory processes” (Tortura 8). Changes or disruptions to homeostasis are regulated by the Endocrine and Nervous systems of the body. The endocrine system is made up of glands placed throughout the body
Homeostasis involves the whole body, but certain organs have larger roles in maintaining the balance. The liver and pancreas maintain suitable glucose levels in the blood, with kidneys removing metabolic waste products and maintaining suitable salt and water levels within the blood. The skin and liver help maintain body temperature with lungs controlling oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and the blood itself transporting the nutrients and waste products around the body.
The earliest beginnings of anatomy could be traced back to the Egyptians in 1600 B.C.E., when early examinations of sacrificial victims were taking place. From this time, scholars have found the earliest medical document, known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus, in which it described early anatomical observations made by the Egyptians, most likely due to their knowledge gained from mummification. The papyrus displayed organs such as the bladder, uterus, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and blood vessels.
is, then it is brought back to the heart by the four pulmonary veins, which
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood and its main functions include the transportation of blood around the body, protection from invading microorganisms and to prevent blood loss through haemostasis. (Widamaier, et al 2011:5)
The parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite and brings the body back to normal. Sensory neurons are unipolar in shape and there are two types based on where the sensory neurons originate. Somatic sensory neurons are located in the skin skeletal muscles and joints bringing information to the CNS. It is made up of nerves that connect to skin, sensory organs, and skeletal muscles. One sensory neuron, photoreceptors in the eye, sense light. The neural impulses are then transmitted down the axons of the sensory neurons to the brain, where the brain then interprets what that input means. PNS plays a role in regulating blood pressure, thirst, and body temperature. Thermoreceptors in the skin help the body sense temperature. Motor neurons are completely different than sensory neurons, because they receive a signal from the central nervous system and tell responsive tissues what to do. Though most often associated with controlling muscle movement they also signal the glandular tissues and control secretion of various substances like gastric juices and saliva. Visceral sensory neurons give information to the CNS but not on a conscious level. Some internal organs that need regulating, but not at a conscious level are gallbladder, liver, kidney, and
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing) and sends signals to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs to the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control center, also known as the central nervous system, where information is
The endocrine system consists of six parts; pancreas hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary gland, ovary, and adrenal gland. The pancreas is a large gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid. The hypothalamus is a brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. The thyroid is a large gland in the neck that secretes (produces) hormones regulating growth through the rate of metabolism. The pituitary gland is in the base of the skull that secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and control the actions of several other endocrine glands. The ovary ( found in females) is a gonad that produces eggs. The adrenal glands are a pair of glands located above the kidneys, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. The endocrine system main function is to release hormones that affect activities of other cells.
Energy means, it is the capacity to do work. Energy metabolism is the process through which energy is produced and transformed. Food gives the energy source. We need energy to move our body muscles to do the activities. The role of energy in the body is to drag the oxygen from the air and diffuses into our blood stream. Energy is needed to circulate the blood and also for breathing and taking in oxygen.
The nervous is considered to be the master controlling the systems of the body. The way it does this is to communicate through nervous impulse which is very rapid and very specific. The nervous system consist of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system consists of the cranial nervous, spinal nerves and ganglia. The peripheral nervous system can also be broking down into two categories which are somatic nervous system and parasympathetic system. On the other hand the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. (fleming-Mcphillips, 2011)
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind.
The human body is mixture of cells that make up tissues that make up organs that make up organ systems. The organ systems that are going to be wrote about is the digestive system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, and the skeletal and muscular system; all these systems are what make the human body function the way it does. The cells have to communicate to get some of these jobs done, and I will write about how cells do communicate to get the jobs done. The body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis, homeostasis is the equilibrium of the body. The systems work together through communication to maintain homeostasis and the
The human body is a network of muscles, bones, organs and overall, it is constantly working in its own ways to make sure that the body is performs and functions properly. The most important systems in the body, the nervous and endocrine system, both play huge roles in regulating the biological processes inside an organism. They are the basic systems that pretty much control the body, helping it react properly to any external factor. The main difference between these two systems is that the nervous system uses impulses to control the muscles while the endocrine uses chemical stimuli to pass the signal to the target cells or organs. These two systems have their
There are many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in cells through control mechanisms, which keep humans in chemical balance. There are two systems that have a major responsibility for regulating body chemistry known as the endocrine system and nervous system. The endocrine system depends on chemical messengers that flow in the bloodstream known as hormones. Hormones travel to target cells, where they connect with receptors that initiate chemical changes within cells. The nervous system depends on neurotransmitters that are electrical impulses in nerve cells activated by its own chemical messengers. The nervous system counts on a much faster means of circulation. This cycle is what allows drugs to work so well, because they mimic the crucial role of hormones and neurotransmitters in the function of the human body.