Around the 1950’s, C.S. Holling decided to look into the reasoning of why predators can control their numbers of their prey. For example, when prey densities tend to increase, the predators respond by changing their rate of consumption for them to satisfy their hunger. This concept is also known as a functional response, and Holling created a method to reflect this model. His model consisted of blind folding human participants (considered as predators) and having them search for sand paper disks (prey) scattered throughout a board, to observe the responses of the participants to the disks. The participants’ reactions reflected a predator’s rate of discovery and handling time (reactions) to the amount of prey in a certain area. The predator’s responses usually reflect a Type II functional response, yet there are about three functional responses a predator may portray: Type I, Type II, and Type III. …show more content…
Such as if the predator eats a certain proportion when the densities are low, it will continue eating the same proportion of prey when the densities increase. Furthermore, a Type II functional reponse is when the amount of prey consumed by predators increases quickly, but begins to level off when the predator has had enough food, even though the prey density continues to rise. Finally, like a Type II response, a type III response also has an upper limit to prey consumption but differs as the predator learns timing, and/or prey switching, at low prey density levels. Moreover on the social side of Holling’s disk equation, one can look into the process of an individual seeking help from living with Anorexia Nervosa
−→ C = 2 −→ r 2 (14) where components of −→ a are linearly decreased from 2 to 0 over the course of iterations and r 1 , r2 are random vectors in [0, 1]. The hunt is usually guided by the alpha. The beta and delta might also participate in hunting occasionally. In order to mathematically simulate the hunting behavior of grey wolves, the alpha (best candidate solution) beta, and delta are assumed to have better knowledge about the potential location of prey. The first three best solutions obtained so far and oblige the other search agents (including the omegas) to update their positions according to the position of the best search agents.
The authors explain that a “fear of fatness” and desire to be thin in order to appear normal in our society can cause anorexia nervosa, where a person purposely starves themselves, losing considerable weight. This is known as visual and behavioral deviation. Bulimic people binge eat and then force themselves to vomit. They usually don’t lose an alarming amount of
“Fantasies express a ‘longing for an absolute meaning’, for something other than the limited ‘known’ world…the modern fantastic…focuses upon the ‘unknown’ within the present…” (Jackson 158). This message means that a fantasy story should be able to encourage the readers to immerse themselves in the story, and take the readers’ minds from the real world to the fantasy world. In other words, the readers must be able to suspend their disbelief when reading a fantasy story. According to our online course glossary, suspension of disbelief “occurs when a reader willingly forgets that they are reading a fictional story and get caught up in the plot, narrative, characterization, etc., to the point where they temporarily believe that it is all real”
Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
He took an environmental approach to the study. His method was the use of the operant conditioning box also known as Skinner box helped understand different behaviors that occurred during different environments. He stimulated a system of rewards and punishments and reinforcements. When the pigeon or rat received a reward, the animal performed the behavior more often and when it received a punishment, it performed the behavior less. He first tested positive reinforcement which he made rats press a lever for food. It encouraged the rat to perform more of the behavior. He also used negative reinforcement which added an uncomfortable stimulus. He placed an electric current in the box. The rats learn to avoid it. They even learned to stop when he turned on the light indicating the circuit will soon turn on. This behavior was known as Avoidance or Escape Learning. Both positive and negative reinforcements encourage good behavior. He also used punishment. Unlike the reinforcements, punishments were used to discourage unwanted behaviors rather than promote good behavior. It was performed by adding an unfavorable stimuli or removing the rewarding stimuli. When the rat was punished, its unwanted behavior decreased. When Skinner, removed the punishment, the bad behavior returned. He placed a hungry rat. The rat would pull the lever for food, but no food would come out. The rat later stopped pulling it learning it had no purpose. He studied that the more the rat pulled the lever, the higher the probability that the rat will quit pulling it; he developed an equation known as response and extinction rate. Response rate, the domain, is that rate of how hard a person performed an action and extinction rate, the range, is the rate that the person performed the action less and less. As the response rate increase, so this extinction rate. He used a token economy, a type of positive reinforcement, which a person was given a “token” which can be
“Anorexia Nervosa, AN, the most visible eating disorder, is a serious psychiatric illness characterized by an inability to maintain a normal body weight or, in individuals still growing, failure to make expected increases in weight (and often height) and bone density.” (cite textbook) The behaviors and cognitions of individuals with AN adamantly defend low body weight.
All animals employ a vast array of behaviors that contribute to their ability to find resources, increase their chances of utilizing them efficiently, and therefore increase their overall fitness. One of the behaviors observed extensively throughout the animal kingdom to accomplish these tasks is aggression. Agonist conflict and aggressive behavior occurs both between species and within species. Curiously, within-species agonism is common in many animals because it can manipulate social hierarchies which can affect the distribution of resources within a population (Moore 2007 and Wofford 2013). Evaluating agonistic behavior is therefore a valuable means by which to examine expenditure of energy for resources (Moore 2007 and Wofford 2013).
Watson and Rayner were interested in finding out about human responses and emotional reactions, based on conditioned responses. With the main hypothesis explai...
...his builds a relationship between the two causing the predator to consume its meat without looking away (Pollan 307). This causes that person to no want to know what they are eating because people are used to not knowing what they are eating.
A biologist, known as Piaget was interested in how an organism adapted to their environment, especially behavior adaptation to the environment. Piaget hypothesized that infants are born with schemes operating at birth that he called "reflexes." However, in human beings an infant uses these reflexes to adapt to the environment, these reflexes are quickly replaced with constructed schemes. Piaget described two processes used by the individual in its at...
On the other hand, one of the strengths of the behavioural approach over the psychodynamic approach, is in the terms of testability, since it only focuses on behaviour that can be tested and observed, which makes it very useful in experiments under a laboratory setting where behaviour can be repeatedly observed and verified. Therefore, the results derived from behavioural approach have been, and continue to be, objectively and reliably
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology,18:643-662.
There are five main contributors to behaviorism. They are Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Joseph Wolpe. The beh...
Weiner, I. Healy, A. Freedheim, D. Proctor,R.W., Schinka,J.A. (2003) Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology,18, pp 500
Robbins, S., Millett, B., Walter-Marsh, T. (2004) Organsiational Behaviour 4th Edition. Pearson, New South Wales.