The main argument that has been put forth by the article authored by Jin and Whitson (2014), is that women’s access to leisure space shapes how they see themselves and act in public. They also touch on the fact that men are perceived as to have a certain title, masculinity, to uphold when out in public with their female counterpart and in general life. In any geographical context, it is important to understand the rules of gendered behaviour in all types of leisure space, and their effects on women’s lives and gender norms (Jin and Whitson, 2014). The study conducted by Jin and Whitson (2014) looked at Chinese women and their access to and use of these public spaces. Many of the respondents that took part in the study expressed their desire
This is evident when conversations in a bar that is popular with lesbians and gay men are associated with curiosities about gender roles assumed by individuals in a relationship (Jolly, 2000). It is thought that gay men and lesbians have more flexibility in thinking which gender roles and identities one can assume (Jolly, 2000). These individuals recognize that it is not the body that dictates if one is male or female, but what one chooses to do with their body (Jolly, 2000). However, there is an issue with being labelled as ‘queer’ as some individuals face marginalization and oppression (Jolly, 2000). This is a consequence of their refusal to conform to traditional sexual and gender norms that society has indirectly said is normal (Jolly, 2000).
References:
Carr, N. (1998). Gendered differences in young tourists ' leisure spaces and times. Journal of Youth Studies,1(3), 279-293.
Jin, X., & Whitson, R. (2014). Young women and public leisure spaces in contemporary Beijing: Recreating (with) gender, tradition, and place. Social and Cultural Geography, 15(4), 449-469.
Jolly, S. (2000). 'Queering ' development: Exploring the links between same-sex sexualities, gender, and development. Gender and Development, 8(1), 78-88.
Knox, P., Marston, S., Imort, M., & Nash, A. (2010). Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education.
McGrellis, S. (2005). Pure and bitter spaces: Gender, identity and territory in Northern Irish youth transitions. Gender and Education, 17(5),
Evidence suggests that families often enjoyed everyday leisure but in reality working class social life was divided by gender. Married women’s leisure tended to be separate from the public domain and was not very different from work, but was linked with domestic duties and family relations. It was during this period that to survive families had to send their sons and daughters into the labor force to supplement the earnings of the father, while the mother cooked, cleaned, cared for the children and manufactured goods in the home. The typical wage-earning woman of 1900 was young and single.
“Small Happiness” is a documentary about women of a Chinese village. The title derived from the quote, “To give birth to a boy is considered a big happiness, to give birth to a girl is a small happiness.” It covered a variety of topics such as how women view their bodies, marriages, and families. From the documentary’s interviews of women of different ages, we can see although the tradition of male dominance in the Chinese society remains, the lives of rural Chinese women have changed significantly in the last half century.
Urry, John, The tourist gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies 2nd Ed (London, 2002).
...sented as more than just deviance, but a way in to comparable differences to what are the societal and sexual norms of “typical” attractions and behaviorisms. This is the outlying interdisciplinary approach to the nebulous idea of queer ecology. In sum, clarifying the definition of queer and how queer ecology influenced and diverted from more biased structures to ecology has a positive effect on future studies, despite its own shortcomings. It provides a more fluid and approachable, albeit complex framework for many people.
Gender Treachery: Homophobia, Masculinity, And Threatened Identities The paper mentioned above, was written by Patrick Hopkins, is all about gender and the role that gender plays in our society. Sexuality, Heterosexuality, Gender roles, Identity and identity development are the issues of discussion here. It is all about gender treachery the way we use genders to look up to people and look down upon certain misfortunate ones. Prejudice against lesbians and gay men, is widespread in our society. Although attitudes toward lesbians and gay men have become less negative over the course of the past 30 years, and especially during the last decade, the majority still view homosexuality as morally unacceptable. That’s what makes it such a threatened identity. Homophobia is the common issue at stake here, but the question that arises in our minds is why can’t we just accept things as they are. Homosexuality and cross dressing represent human sexuality diversity. Since these lifestyles are generally not acceptable, homophobia and discomfort of cross dressers exist. Hopkins suggests that educating heterosexuals about homosexuality results in a reduction of homophobia. The idea is to create awareness in the society; these issues just can’t be hid behind and forgotten about, if they are present we have to sit up and take notice. Mr. Hopkins rightly calls such an attitude totally biased. The bias against women is closely related to the bias against homosexuals. It appears at first that the bias against male homosexuals is based on what they do in bed. But the deeper reason is that homosexual males are not loyal to their gender. In other words it is because they do things that are not manly. Psychological sophistication and social critique revea...
Demographics refer to characteristics about a population of people such as: age, income, gender, health, ethnicity and employment status. In a demographic way of marketing, gender is a highly influential demographics and in the terms of leisure, I think that gender influences leisure. When I say gender, I’m not just talking about the base terms of women and men. Sex is inherited while gender is constructed. In my opinion, gender is social expectations and societal roles that are viewed and deemed normal for a specific culture and environment. According to Ridinger and Funk, 2006, “gender is a less limiting factor in leisure choices but still matters..”, it’s less limiting but highly influential. For example, athletics was a male dominated until
This manifests itself in stereotypes, particular those associated with feminism that all feminists are women. Such stereotypes endorse a normative framework that implies that men cannot be feminists simply because they are men, limiting their beliefs and practices within the heteronormative matrix. Butler (1990, 1) concludes that “the very subject of women is no longer understood in stable or abiding terms”. This allows for non-binary gender terms to be discussed and legitimised as a way of living. The example of the term queers is exemplary of the attempt to move beyond static identity by dissolving binaries classifications and umbrella terms and instead conceptualising sexuality as a state of flux (Butler,1993, 226). However, the term has also been used as a derogatory noun or adjective for homosexuality until, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, queer was reclaimed by activists (Callis, 2009, 214). Thus, while there is legitimacy and agency in non-binary identity categories, the very nature of terming the non-binary creates a new binary between queer and normal which positions the heterosexual in the dominate normative position (cited in Callis, 2009, 5). This example of the failings of sex based categories
Examples of cultural constructions can be seen throughout history in several forms such as gender, relationships, and marriage. “Cultural construction of gender emphasizes that different cultures have distinctive ideas about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity.” (Humanity, 239) In many cultures gender roles are a great way to gain an understanding of just how different the construction of gender can be amongst individual cultures. The video The Women’s Kingdom provides an example of an uncommon gender role, which is seen in the Wujiao Village where the Mosuo women are the last matriarchy in the country and have been around for over one thousand years. Unlike other rural Chinese villages where many girls are degraded and abandoned at birth, Mosuo woman are proud and run the households where the men simply assist in what they need. The view of gender as a cultural construct ...
Women experienced a great deal of conflict to be seen as equals to men in the workplace. Homosexuals have stepped out of society’s gender expectations, producing their own controversies and disagreements. The traditional gender roles of “Shiloh” and “Boys and Girls” are from the past, and many steps have been made past them, but society still holds on tight to portions of those established ways. Still, conflict will always occur where ideas diverge.
Retrieved March 21, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://english.peopledaily.com. Chinatown Online is a wonderful site with an abundance of information about China. http://www.chinatown-online.com/. Henslin, J. M. (1999). The Species of the Species. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (4th ed.).
Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon, and how acceptable one’s relationship is determined by society’s view of gender roles. Because the majority of the population is characterized as heterosexual, those who deviate from that path are ...
Regarding sex consumption, the biological and patriarchy perspectives clarified that men were naturally more sexual urges and sought for absolute power over women. Therefore, sex consumption was defined as highly catered to fulfil men’s needs and a means to prevent familial and societal disruption, though this statement had been objected by female bodies. Through sex consumption, men could regain and reinforce their masculinity and social status which might be unattainable in the outside real world. In respect of consumption of sport and sporting events, sports had historically reinforced, defined and discriminated as male activities. Women were discouraged or excluded from sporting events and relative consumption with supportive professional comments: sport was biologically harmful to reproductive abilities of females. In fact, increased female participation in sports is possibly a social threat on man’s masculinity; men are highly cherished to sports engagement in constructing their manliness, masculinities and solidarity with other males. In recent decades, the boundaries identifying male and female consumption culture and attitudes are progressively blurred in response to female roles in economic development and societal transformation. Lately, females are open to more employment and education opportunities. Many of them attain high education and
Comparing the Use of a Leisure Center Among Men and Women A researcher is interested in surveying the proportion of males and women. female users of a leisure centre. He is able to sample 50 users of the leisure centre and records their gender with a 1 (males) and a 2. a.
In traditional western societies, the acceptable traveler was usually male. Travel by males whether in solidarity or with a group throughout the 18th and 19th centuries portrayed the image of exploration and adventure (Harris 2007). More recently, women have been actors involved in new tourism that is still in the process of being navigated and understood. Common issues and challenges that are experienced have been explained by women trying to navigate safe and comfortable travel without being put in to situations that could potentially pose threats. While concern for safety as a whole is a concern for women who travel alone, being the subject of a specific gaze factors in to the psychological aspect of solo travel. Being the subject of a gaze for women can be uncomfortable, particularly when women that are traveling alone feel that they are conspicuous or vulnerable in any given situation. Because women are on their own, they often believe that they are the subject of surveillance and that they are the subject of the watchful eye of men. Instead of the initial want to be able to travel undetected or unexposed, they feel the opposite, which not only makes them more cautious and more aware, it also makes them more self conscious. In many cases, “issues such as body
Gender and sexuality can be comprehended through social science. Social science is “the study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society” (free dictionary, 2009). The study of social science deals with different aspects of society such as politics, economics, and the social aspects of society. Gender identity is closely interlinked with social science as it is based on an identity of an individual in the society. Sexuality is “the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex” (free dictionary, 2009). There are different gender identities such as male, female, gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual that exists all around the world. There is inequality in gender identities and dominance of a male regardless of which sexuality they fall under. The males are superior over the females and gays superior over the lesbians, however it different depending on the place and circumstances. This paper will look at the gender roles and stereotypes, social policy, and homosexuality from a modern and a traditional society perspective. The three different areas will be compared by the two different societies to understand how much changes has occurred and whether or not anything has really changed. In general a traditional society is more conservative where as a modern society is fundamentally liberal. This is to say that a traditional society lists certain roles depending on the gender and there are stereotypes that are connected with the genders. One must obey the one that is dominant and make decisions. On the other hand, a modern society is lenient, It accepts the individual’s identity and sexuality. There is no inequality and everyone in the society is to be seen as individuals not a part of a family unit...