Physical properties:-
Molecular Weight. = 28.0536
Triple point temperature °C = -169.164
̶ Triple point Pressure, kPa = 0.12252
̶ Freezing point temperature, °C = -169.15
Boiling point temperature, °C = -103.71
̶ Density of liquid mol/Lit = 20.27
̶ Specific heat of liquid J/(mol*K)b = 67.4
̶ Viscosity of fluid = 0.161
̶ Heat capacity J/(mol*K) = 42.86
3.1.2 Chemical properties:-
Structure
Ethylene is planer molecule with carbon- carbon bond distance of 0.134 nm, which is shorter than the C-C bond length of 0.153 nm found in ethane. The C-H bond distance is 0.110 nm, and
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The reaction is carried out over a supported metallic silver catalyst at 250-300 Co and 1-2 MPa. A few parts per million of 1, 2- dichloroethane are added to the ethylene to inhibit further oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. This results in chlorine generation, which deactivates the surface of catalyst.
Biological properties
Ethylene is slightly more potent as anesthetic than nitrous oxide, and the smell of ethylene causes chocking. Diffusion through the alveolar membrane is sufficiently rapid for equilibrium to be established between the alveolar and the pulmonary capillary blood with single exposure. Ethylene is held both in cells and in plasma in simple physical solution. The lipoid stroma of the red blood cells absorb ethylene, but it does not combine with hemoglobin. The concentration in the blood is 1.4 mg/mL when ethylene is used by itself for anesthesia.
However, in 1990s it is not used as anesthetic agent. Ethylene is eliminated from the body unchanged, primarily by the lungs, and most elimination is complete within three minutes of
Prior to intubation for a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist administered a single dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, to a 23-year-old female to provide muscular relaxation during surgery and to facilitate the insertion of the endotracheal tube. Following this, the inhalation anesthetic was administered and the surgical procedure completed.
Ascertaining the adequacy of gaseous exchange is the major purpose of the respiratory assessment. The components of respiratory assessment comprises of rate, rhythm, quality of breathing, degree of effort, cough, skin colour, deformities and mental status (Moore, 2007). RR is a primary indicator among other components that assists health professionals to record the baseline findings of current ventilatory functions and to identify physiological respiratory deterioration. For instance, increased RR (tachypnoea) and tidal volume indicate the body’s attempt to correct hypoxaemia and hypercapnia (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). The inclusive use of a respiratory assessment on a patient could lead to numerous potential benefits. Firstly, initial findings of respiratory assessment reveals baseline data of patient’s respiratory functions. Secondly, if the patient is on respiratory medication such as salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, the respiratory assessment enables nurses to measure the effectiveness of medications and patient’s compliance towards those medications (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). Thirdly, it facilitates early identification of respiratory complications and it has the potential to reduce the risk of significant clinical
Nitrous oxide is administered via a face mask and is used to take the edge off of your nerves. This form of sedation is great for uncomplicated procedures and for patients experiencing only mild levels of fear or anxiety. If you fall into this category, nitrous oxide sedation may be for you.
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
Acetaminophen is ingested orally and is rapidly and completely absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. It works in about one hour. The liver detoxifies 90% of it by mixing it with sulfuric acid, and another 3-5% is catabolized by enzyme reactions to the acid. The metabolites are excreted in the urine.
Statistics have shown that the issue of snuff use is increasingly growing up and more people are starting to use snuff every day all around the world. Snuff is defined as a material comes in a dry form and it is inhaled through the nostrils (Asplund, 2002). There are two types of snuffs, which are moist and dry (Magnuson, Eriksson, & Hardell, 1998). The first type is wet or moist. It is used by putting a pinch between the cheek or the lower lip and the gum. It remains there while nicotine is slowly released and absorbed through the linking of the m...
Anesthesia has been used throughout medical history; the purpose of anesthesia is to prevent pain during surgery or any other medical procedure. Claudia M. Caruana (2010) mentions that anesthesia works by blocking nerve signals from going to the brain to allow the body to respond to and try to stop the pain (p. 8). Anesthesia has many different uses for many different types of surgeries from using very powerful sedatives for intensive surgeries to using very light sedatives like nitrous oxide to relieve the pain. All of the drugs in the anesthesiologist’s arsenal have different uses for different occasions which can be a benefit and can also be a defect.
Another 5 percent of the alcohol is exhaled through the lungs. Ever wonder how a breathalyzer works? When the blood enters the lungs some alcohol m...
Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs.
Before NO is administered, the patient should be as stable as possible so sedation, blood pH, FiO2, and in rare cases muscle relaxers should be considered. For mechanically ventilated patients, when the patient is prepped, NO is administered with the use of delivery system that is able to put out a constant concentration throughout the patients breathing cycle (Eagans, 2013). Delivery systems, such as the INOmax DS can also be used with a facemask or nasal cannula (Eagan’s, 2013).
Oxygen is widely used in both chronic and acute cases, in emergency medicine, at hospital or by emergency medical services (Nicholson, 2004 ). Just like any other form of medication oxygen is a drug that if used incorrectly could cause potential harm, even death (Luettel, 2010 ). Oxygen is admitted to the patient with chest pain for two main rationales. The first is by increasing arterial oxygen tension, which in opposing causes a decrease to the acute ischemic injury, and thus over time the entire infarct area (Moradk...
It is a clear and colorless liquid with a profound odor. Ethanol is used as a beverage; whether the drink is beer, wine or hard liquor, it is a liquid drug that slows down the central nervous system just like a sedative. Ethyl alcohol is actually classified as a food because it has calories, although it does not have any nutritional value therefore the calories are measured as empty calories. Ethanol is not digested or transported to the bodies’ cells like the normal digestive process; instead it is absorbed directly into the blood stream. Alcohol travels throughout the body by diluting itself in the water already present in the organ systems. Most vital organs, such as the brain, need a large amount of water and blood to function and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ethyl alcohol. Other than being used as a beverage, ethyl alcohol can be used to clean surfaces from micro organisms, for that reason, one can presume it is toxic to the
Anesthesia is used in almost every single surgery. It is a numbing medicine that numbs the nerves and makes the body go unconscious. You can’t feel anything or move while under the sedative and are often delusional after being taken off of the anesthetic. Believe it or not, about roughly two hundred years ago doctors didn’t use anesthesia during surgery. It was rarely ever practiced. Patients could feel everything and were physically held down while being operated on. 2It wasn’t until 1846 that a dentist first used an anesthetic on a patient going into surgery and the practice spread and became popular (Anesthesia). To this day, advancements are still being made in anesthesiology. 7The more scientists learn about molecules and anesthetic side effects, the better ability to design agents that are more targeted, more effective and safer, with fewer side effects for the patients (Anesthesia). Technological advancements will make it easier to read vital life signs in a person and help better decide the specific dosages a person needs.
Ethanol, ethylic alcohol or simply alcohol is an organic substance with one or more hydroxil groups (-OH) [1]. For instance, it is used as a pharmaceutical compounds, in alcoholic beverages, as a dehydrating agent in labs and industries or as an antiseptic agent. Generally, ethanol is a CNS (central nervous system) depressant with anesthetic properties causing cognitive and motor damage at relatively low doses. Nevertheless ethanol in high doses can induce anesthetic effects, loss of sensory activity, nausea, vomiting, hypothermia and loss of consciousness. Some drugs have the potential to interact with alcohol and affect each others levels on blood, metabolism, absorption, distribution, excretion and change the colateral effects[2]. Additionally the duration of a regular consume and the amount ingested could change the effect of alcohol on drug metabolism [2].
The catalytic process occurs at lower temperature anf offers higher selectivity but requires frequent regeneration of the catalyst. Then, the products are cooled and introduced into a pair of separators which separate the unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen is compressed and recycle back to the feed and reactor. The products that leaving the separators are heated before introduced into a distillation column which the toluene is separated from the stream and recycle back to the...