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An Investigation into Electrolysis - Copper Sulphate
Introduction
Decomposition caused by electricity is called electrolysis. The
electrical energy causes a chemical change. When a salt is dissolved
in water, its ions become free to move so the solution can be
"electrolyzed." The products of the electrolysis depend on the
chemical solution, its strength and the type of electrode. The cathode
is negatively charged and therefore attracts to it positive ions. E.g.
hydrogen. The more reactive substance stays in the solution whereas
the less reactive is released and appears as a gas (hydrogen) or a
coating of metal. At the anode (positively charged) the negative
charges are given up; for example chlorine or oxygen ions become
elements.
Electrolysis is used to produce gases or purify metals.
PLAN
Aim: To find out if the current being transferred through copper
sulphate affects the amount of copper transferred.
Prediction: I predict that as the amount of electrical current is
passed through the copper sulphate solution more copper will be
transferred. I also predict that the rise in electrical current and
the rise in copper transferred will be related, and follow a trend.
e.g.
Text Box: Copper Transferred[IMAGE]
I believe that as the current doubles so will the amount of copper
transferred.
E.g. 1amp = 0.1 gram of copper transferred - 2amps = 0.2 grams of
copper transferred.
I think this will happen because it is logical that when something is
doubled the affected will be doubled as well. Also to back up my
theory is Faraday's Law:
Faraday's First Law of electrolysis states that:
"The mass of any element deposited during electrolysis is directly
proportional to the number of coulombs of electricity passed"
Faraday's Second Law of electrolysis states that:
"The mass of an element deposited by one Faraday of electricity is
equal to the atomic mass in grams of the element divided by the number
of electrons required to discharge one ion of the element."
Research:
I have researched other possible ways to work out a rough idea of what
When a solution conducts electricity, the charge is carried by ions moving through a solution. Ions are atoms or small groups of atoms that have an electrical charge. Some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge. Pure water contains very few ions, so it does not conduct electricity very well. Not all substances are made up of ions. Some are made of uncharged particles called molecules. Sugar is such a substance. When sugar is dissolved in water, the solution does not conduct electricity, because there are no ions in the solution. That's why in Hands-on Squishy Circuits, the sugar PLAY-DOH did not produce electricity. The salt had ions in it to produce the electricity needed to make the LEDs light up.
this is the area that one mole of any gas will occupy. Then I will
Metals contain a sea of electrons (which are negatively charged) and which flow throughout the metal. This is what allows electric current to flow so well in all metals. An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the wiring of the circuit to a gas or electrolyte. A compound that conducts in a solution is called an electrolyte. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode.
Investigation of Positively and Negatively Charged Electrons To try and find out if positively charged electrons deposit to the negatively charged electrons. This means, the electrons in the cathode attract electrons from the anode so they move towards the cathode from the anode. Prediction: I think that as the electrons move from the anode to the cathode, the mass of the anode to the cathode, the mass of the anode decreases whilst the mass of the cathode increases. I can support the point I've made above by faradays law which is: Faraday's Second Law of electrolysis states that: "The mass of an element deposited by one Faraday of electricity is equal to the atomic mass in grams of the element divided by the number of electrons required to discharge one ion of the element. " Hypothesis: The mass of the anode should decrease whilst the mass of the cathode should increase because positively charged electrons get attracted to the negatively charged electrons.
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
are left in the solution, the more time there is for the copper to be
1.) Gas Syringe 100cm³ - I chose this as it is easy to measure the
Diffusion and solubility is the most important mechanism in reaction kinetics of the battery. First, porous cathode must have good oxygen path for oxygen to pass through to electrolyte. At the same time, diffusion of the lithium ions from anodic side is important.
== == I completed a table to show my results, here is the table: Table 1. Results of different changes of substances Part A Copper (II) Sulfate and Water Reactant description Water (reactant): Color: Colorless Transparency:
To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder
At the cathode the hydrogen ions gain an electron. They are discharged and are converted into hydrogen gas: 2H (+) + 2e (-) → H2 At the anode, the hydroxide, not the sulphate ions are discharged. Water and oxygen gas are formed: 4OH (-) → 2 H2O + O2 + 4e (-) The hydrogen gas can be collected and measured. The greater the volume of hydrogen gas formed over a set period of time, the faster electrolysis is occurring.
Mechanism : The metal which is higher in electrochemical series forms the anode and the metal which is lower in electrochemical series forms the cathode. The difference in electrochemical potentials of the 2 metals generates a potential difference between them. The potential difference between two dissimilar metals is the driving force for the destructive attack on the active metal (anode). Current flows through the electrolyte to the more noble metal (cathode) and the less noble (anode) metal will corrode. The conductivity of electrolyte will also affect the degree of
sulphate in the series of reaction with due course of time, thereby making the waste acidic
Time - The longer time can let more copper ions from the anode to the cathode if the current are the same. There are still more factors which can affect the mass deposited during electroplating. 3). Distance between two electrodes - If the distance between the two electrodes is greater, the copper ions require to travel more from the anode to the cathode.
of Copper Sulphate. To do this I plan to work out the amount of water