1. Independent variable (pg. 39) – a type of variable that is controlled by the experimenter, and comes before the dependent variable. An example of an independent variable in a study would be the amount of time played by a college football player.
2. Dependent variable (pg. 39) – a type of variable that is influenced by the independent variable. An example of a dependent variable would be the amount of hits the football players takes compared to how much time they play.
3. Hypothesis (pg. 47) – a proposed statement of results made about a problem in a research study that is expected. An example of a hypothesis would be “If college football players play a full game of 60 minutes, then they are 70% more prone to concussions.”
4. Null hypothesis (pg. 49) – a type of hypothesis in which there is no relationship between the measured variables, and offers no support to the original hypothesis. An example of a null hypothesis would be that there was no relationship between time played and the number of concussions sustained by players who had high playing times.
5. Primary source (pg. 68) – the original document which was written firsthand and is directed to the readers. A researcher could find players who suffer from concussions and have them write down a journal on their physical and emotional feelings during a period of time while under concussion protocol to see how concussions affect different people. The journals the players write are the primary source of the research.
6. Participant (pg. 95) – a person who takes part of an experiment and is used for data collection. A participant for my research would be a student or NFL player who plays for various minutes and is subject to taking big hits.
7. Sample (pg. 95) – a mo...
... middle of paper ...
...ing, research is based off of two ends of a spectrum. For example, a researcher researching concussions could look at football players who are linebackers that play for the majority of the game and take a lot of hits, and compare them to punters or kickers who are only in the game for a few seconds and hardly come in contact with other players.
12. Sampling bias (pg. 112) – a sampling method can be called biased if the results of the research found favors the outcome the researcher is looking for. The researcher ultimately controls/influences whether the results are biased and potentially misleading. If a researcher thinks that football players are more susceptible to concussions, the researcher may only look at specific positions where the players take more hits to the head for their research which could affect the results looking at football players as a whole.
1. Hypothesis - A hypothesis is defined by the Criminal Justice Today textbook as "An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation. Also, something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation" (Schmalleger 73). It is, essentially, a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. In terms of law and criminal justice, The Law Dictionary website defines the term as "A supposition, assumption, or theory; a theory set up by the prosecution, on a criminal trial, or by the defense, as an explanation of the facts in evidence, and a ground for inferring guilt or innocence, as the case may be, or asindicating
Now, suppose we are trying to determine if there is a relationship between two variables which have apparently no relationship, say the sales of a firm, and the average height of employees of the firm. We would set up an equation like the following:
This phrase relates to a study that I may conduct because I would like to investigate how student-athletes’ academic achievement compares to that of non-student-athletes. In such an investigation, I would have no over influence over whether or a not a student participated in athletics nor their academic achievement. I would only be able to analyze data and determine if there were a relationship between the variables.
Experimental research is the one type of research that allows psychologists to make causal statements. It is where the researcher changes one or more variables that may have an effect on some other variables (King, 2016). The hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment (King, 2016). In the research, the hypothesis was that women would perceive fat talk to be more socially acceptable than men (Katrevich et al., 2014). The other elements of experimental method are dependent and independent variables. The independent variable (IV) is the cause of the results, and it is changed by the experimenter to find the effects, but the dependent vari...
In statistics, a population is a collection of individuals, things, events, etc. The population is the topic that one wants to make inferences on, whereas a sample is a subset of the population that is being collected—to be studied. After the sample is studied in statistics, one draws an inference of the population. There are four general sampling methods used in statistics: representative sample, random sample and quasi-random sample, stratified and quota sample, convenience sample, and purposive sample. A representative sample should be unbiased and thus properly indicate a characteristic of the entire population. In a random sample nothing is biased; in other words, every individual, thing or event in the population has the same chance of being selected for the sample. Therefore, because of the randomness of the sampling, the selection of one item from the population in no way effects the selection of another item. A quasi-random sample is simply a number (nth), which is
Injuries did occur and new rules were written in sports to try to improve safety but scientist still paid little attention to the occurrences until the 1900's (Harrison, Emily A. "The First Concussion Crisis: Head Injury and Evidence in Early American Football." American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, May 2014). The death of a student in 1906 from Harvard college sparked a new sense of reality to many players and doctors, many articles came out about the overwhelming death of the college student and studies were then in place, more for the people who questioned the sport and for the little curiosity of scientist. Concussions were not an important field of study in the beginning of brain research or Neuroscience. These head cases were something very unusual but yet not prevalent enough to go deeper into the main cause of the problem until 2002. A pathologist named Bennet Omalu presented the first real evidence of CTE present in an American Football player named Mike Webster. Webster died at 50 years of age but had looked much older, because he suffered from CTE. When Omalu looked at his brain he saw changes that were very unusual and should not be in his brain at his age. When Omalu wrote about his discovery, he was bashed by many NFL officials and scientist. Doctors assailed his research and retraction
According to Polit, the independent variable is what is the cause or influence of the dependent variable (2017). The dependent variable is the nurse-perceived patient safety, nurse-perceived quality of care, and care left undone (Cho, et al., 2015). Polit states that the dependent variable is the hypothesized variable that is caused by another variable or the outcome variable (2017). There is not a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables due to the study being a cross-sectional
Major organizations of contact sports continue to deny relations between concussions and long term damage done to their athletes. Do concussions have long term effects on athletes that play in contact sports? There is a claim now that the helmets worn in football will not prevent or deter a player from receiving a concussion. I plan to research what kind of long term injuries athletes can develop from concussions throughout the course of their sports careers. Can multiple concussions throughout the course of an athlete's career lead to problems with sleeping or permanent brain damage? I plan to use library databases to research the long term effects developed by professional athletes
...ethods of research, mainly used in sociology and literature. Hypothesis on the other hand can be classified under scientific research, mostly employed in mathematics and science (Hoskins, 1998). We can also identify the third difference based on the structure. Here, hypothesis statements are always displayed in form of statements while research questions are always displayed in form of questions.
But, more recently, physicians at professional levels are having higher thresholds for diagnosis of concussions (Izraelski, 2014, p.348). The higher threshold for diagnosis means that even if symptoms are present, even more are required to be taken out of a game. Player associations within professional hockey and football are growing in concussion litigation by ex-players and current players. Players that are retired are suffering the devastating effects of this process of conservative diagnosis (Park, 2015). Legally, their perspective is that the league has breached a duty of care and that the NFL was committing fraud (Kondro, 2012) by concealing risks of concussions. The concept of a duty to care is present with all contact sports that have players receiving the most concussions, particularly at the professional level where medical expertise is highly invested in athletes worth millions of dollars. Even in leagues where the players are not paid, such as the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) or minor leagues, the concussion recurrence is extremely high for the athletes participating (Delaney, J., Lamfookon, C., Bloom, G., Al-Kashmiri, A., & Correa, J., 2015, pg. 113). An NCAA concussion study looked at aspects of concussion in sport which highlighted why certain players either hide concussions or suffer recurrences, or why certain levels of sport have higher concussion rates (Delaney et al. 2003). However, academic research also shown more recently why athletes hide their symptoms or why at the professional level, athletes hide symptoms from medical staff. Another research study from McGill University (Guskiewicz et al. 2003 p.116) has stated that athletes hide injuries because of the perceived negative impacts of sitting out for an
Research is defined as systematic investigation in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (OUP, 2014). The biopsychosocial model has already been described.
An example of a null hypothesis for the variables used in this data collection would be, “Does GPA predicts final exam scores? An alternative hypothesis would be that GPA scores do determine the exam scores.
Dependent variables: The extent of the reaction (the time taken for magnesium to completely dissolve in HCL). The volume of hydrogen gas produced.
Quantitative research is the oldest form of research; it is incredibly formal, stemming from positivism paradigm, or the outside looking in approach. The method is about trying to establish cause and affect relationships between variables. This method can be considered non biased as the researcher isn’t us...
The hypothesis was, as the weight of the paper used increases, then the average distance traveled will increase as well. Following the hypothesis the cardstock airplane should have gone farther than the other two. The reasoning being that the cardstock weighed more than the other two. The cardstock weighed 199.6 grams, the construction paper weighed 68.9 grams, and the printer paper weighed 1.8 grams. As stated the independent variables were kinds of paper and the paper types were cardstock, printer paper, and construction paper. What was being measured, also known as the dependent variable, was the average distance traveled in meters. The control group used was the printer paper. The constants were same type of airplane used ( Bulldog Dart ), same person throwing it, same amount of trials for each type of paper ( 3 ), same throwing area, and same start