CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, it will explain concisely about this study. This chapter has been divided into six subheadings which are the Introduction, Definition of Translation, Definition of Audiovisual Translation (AVT), Subtitling, Analysis of Audiovisual Translation and previous research.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Language is the medium that has been used in transferring our thoughts which is produced in mind, in order to communicate with people around us. After World War 2, English language has become lingua franca because of the socioeconomic demands and the revolution of linguistics (Hutchinson and Water, 2001). In addition, English language is officially the most vital language in the world. Globalization has encouraged all the people around the world to use English language in their communication especially in the education system. So, it is important to acquire English language.
One of the ways to learn or acquire English language is by watching a film. This is because international film always provided a good translation of the subtitle which may
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One of them is the study by Tan Xufeng (2010) entitled An Analysis of the Subtitle Translation of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon from the Perspective of Communicative Translation Theory. The objective of the research is to analyze the translation strategy used by the subtiltler in translating the subtitle. Through the analysis, the author aims to answer the questions: what will the subtitle translation achieve in the target text? How does the communicative translation affect translation strategies?. The sample of this research is the translation subtitle of the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon film. This paper comes to a conclusion that the theory of communicative translation develops a theoretical framework for subtitles translation. It is helpful for us to understand the nature of subtitle translation and sum up the relevant subtitling
Unfortunately, Coppola changed the style of Classical Hollywood Cinema by not allowing the characters to not be fully aware of everything. For example, during the scene of the whiskey commercial, Bob Harris was confused because of his Japanese interpreter didn’t speak like the Japanese commercial director. In all, Bob was lost and the audience without the use of subtitles. Being away from their true lives Bob, the washed up movie actor, and Charlotte, the young wife, find comfort in each other. Being lost in their own lives and marriages the short time built a love that take years to achieve. The lingering confusion of Lost in Translation is the whisper between Bob and Charlotte that leaves Act III
Han – a period of time in China in which the country was merge together (Dictionary)
Language and culture are problematic issues when it comes to international marketing. When a company enters the global markets it has to deal with many issues, which do not exist when it comes to the local market. Language is one of the problems and is always a challenge. Even though English is spoken around the world in most cases it cannot be used as a language for international campaign. Therefore the translation of the campaign into the foreign language is very important.
He starts his essay by complaining “The language of criticism dealing with the film adaptation of novels has often been profoundly moralistic, awash in terms such as infidelity, betrayal, deformation, violation, vulgarization, and desecration, each accusation carrying its specific charge of outraged negativity” (54). He claims that a more effective criticism will be based in “contextual and intertextual history” (75), and less concerned with vague ideas of fidelity. He believes that absolute fidelity is impossible due to (1) the difference in medium between novel and film, (2) the lack of a single absolutely correct reading of a novel, and (3) the intertextuality of all novels and films. He claims that: “Each medium has its own specificity deriving from its respective materials of expression” (59), and explains that the written word is the novels only component of expression, while the film has more components such as “moving photographic image, phonetic sound, music, noises, and written materials” (59). Therefore, certain changes are inevitable.
Run Lola Run, is a German film about a twenty-something woman (Lola) who has 20 minutes to find $100,000 or her love (Manni) will be killed. The search for the money is played through once with a fatal ending and one would think the movie was over but then it is shown again as if it had happened ten seconds later and changed everything. It is then played out one last time. After the first and second sequence, there is a red hued, narrative bridge. There are several purposes of those bridges that affect the movie as a whole. The film Run Lola Run can be analyzed by using the four elements of mise-en scene. Mise-en-scene refers to the aspects of film that overlap with the art of the theater. Mise-en-scene pertains to setting, lighting, costume, and acting style. For the purpose of this paper, I plan on comparing the setting, costume, lighting, and acting style in the first red hued, bridge to that of the robbery scene. Through this analysis, I plan to prove that the purpose of the narrative bridge in the film was not only to provide a segue from the first sequence to the second, but also to show a different side of personality within the main characters.
In conclusion we can agree that the use of both foreignization and domestication should be used when translating a text and/or movie. We can see that the successful use of mashing both techniques can lead to an accurate translation.
As skopos theory (Reiss and Vermmer:1984) suggests, the translator is the key player in the process of intercultural communication and production of the translation because of the purpose of translation. In this case, “cultural awareness” of both languages is important, with which the translators can identify the specific cultural terms and concepts in the presence of the source text, and try to produce the most effective target text which echoes the original as much as possible. To arouse their “culture awareness”, translators should pay attention to the “cultural word”(Peter Newmark: 1988). According to Peter Newmark, there are some categories of cultural words:
Lacey, N. (2005). Film Language. Introduction to film (pp. 16-22). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
This book mainly focus on the relationship between translation and culture. It addresses the shift of focus from translated block of text to the binding of translations and the cultures involved in generating these translations. It also covers the significance of translation for cultural planning.
Therefore, expressive meaning can pose many problems for translators, especially fledgling ones. In the following discussion, errors in this respect are further classified into wrong translation of idiomatic expressions
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
The work of the translator stars with the reading of the ST: he has to study the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communicative intention of the writer, and of course the cultural context in which is developed the ST, in order to identify the best translation strategy able to express the original intention.
Translation means an intense form of cultural and social act of understanding a context and conveying it to another language and culture. Studying on language theories, culture and translation and the relationship between these factors are valuable issues dueto the growing importance of human communication in the world. The variety of languages with different culturesand necessity of communications in human life caused translation to be a very effective factor in communication, exchange of cultures, and knowledge. Translation studies emerged as a distinct discipline in the past few decades and it expanded in unprecedented ways. This expansion has brought with itself a multitude of different and competing approaches, translation models etc. This shows the acceptance of the new born discipline and it established a dominant paradigm. The main job of translators is to provide an effective means of communication. The translator is simultaneously a mediator, creator, manager, producer and sometimes a critic. Efficient communication means translating an original text by word to word basis and meaning-meaning transliteration. It’s delivering the genuine context of the message to the language that the target language user understands. Translators work beyond the boundaries of languages, cultures and societies. They position themselves between the poles of specificity and adaptation in accordance with the strategies of their translational behaviour. Translation is not a simple process of translating word by word and by using a dictionary, it requires a lot of cultural awareness and understanding to be able to say it just like a native language would.Change of ideas, concentration of mutualefforts in different directions, communication among...
Hutchins, J. (1993). "Latest Developments in Machine Translation Technology: Beginning a New Era in MT Research", MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, Kobe, Japan, pp. 11-34.
There has been a heated discussion in the field of Translation Studies with respect to where the emphasis should be put. Should it be on the source text and the sender, on the target text and the receiver or the process itself? This boils down to how one defines translation. This essay offers a critical view on the Skopos theory, which focuses on the translation process. A discussion is included to illustrate the importance of translation brief in both pedagogical and professional settings. Other related theories are presented as well. Finally, the essay concludes with a few remarks and suggestions.