Defining ambiguity tolerance is complex. Chappelle and Roberts (1986) define ambiguity tolerance as “a person’s ability to function rationally and calmly in a situation in which interpretation of all stimuli is not clear” (p.30). Tolerant people are better able to tolerate the feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. They will perceive and interpret ambiguous situations more adequately, in a realistic way, without denying or distorting parts of its complexity. Tolerant people are likely to elaborate more adaptive and better coordinated behavior. They can withstand the discomfort of the ambiguous situation long enough as to accommodate and generate a more appropriate and flexible response to it. It was concluded that tolerant individuals should …show more content…
Thus, tolerance of ambiguity can be considered as a quality directly connected with one’s personality or one’s cognitive style (Ely, 1989; Ehrman, 1993, 1994). Ehrman (1993) maintains that a person who has tolerance of ambiguity operates at three different levels in learning: intake, tolerance of ambiguity proper, and accommodation. On the first level, tolerance enables learners to receive linguistic input. Students with tolerance of ambiguity can perceive and accept new information even though it involves many unknown elements. The second level involves being able “to hold contradictory or incomplete information without either rejecting one of the contradictory elements or coming to premature closure on an incomplete schema” (p. 331). At this level, the learner has taken new information in and needs to deal with contradictory or incomplete information (e.g. inferring meanings of unknown vocabulary in an article). The last level involves adapting the self-according to new material. That is, this level entails integrating new information with the existing schemata, restructuring the latter. Ambiguity tolerance could be defined as the degree of acceptance of the cognitive challenge associated with
According to Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist, children build their cognitive world through a series of stages. The way he saw it, children understand the world and make sense of their experience by using schemas or a mental concept. In Paget’s view, two processes needed to happen in order to develop a schema: assimilation and accommodation (King 298). With assimilation we take in new information and apply them into our already existing knowledge. For example, my 4 year old niece believed that dogs weren’t animals. She was told they were dogs so every time I would see a dog and call it an animal she used to say “No! That’s a doggie.” On the other hand we have accommodation which is an adjustment of schemas that are changed because
Canada has been known as a peaceful country throughout the years. Its modest image has kept them from being attacked by terrorist. In Robert W. Murray and John McCoy article, “From Middle Power to Peace Builder: The Use of the Canadian Forces in Modern Canadian Foreign Policy,” it talks about how Canada wanted to be established as the peacekeeper between other international powers. Robert W. Murray and John McCoy discusses ideas about a Canadian foreign policy that was created to maintain a middle ground between large and minor powers. Canada did a lot to dedicate itself to ensuring its national security by faithfully participating within many international institutions. McCoy and Murray article discusses about the idea of Canada’s peacekeeping and being the middle man power, and how it was established during their involvement in Afghanistan. In the beginning of the article, it explains Canada’s transformation of foreign policy and how it went from being a middle power force to becoming an active force in the policy of peacebuilding.
1. What is the ‘indigestible common core of compatibilism’, and what according to Fried, is indigestible about it?
Absolutism is a political theory giving rulers complete sovereignty. Louis XIV was one of the most popular successful absolute monarchs. He exercised absolute paternal rights of a father on France and his powers were unlimited by church, legislature, or elites. Calling himself the "Sun King" after the God Apollo, he worked to banish feudalism and create a unified state under his absolute power. To illustrate this power he built the Palace at Versailles and created an elaborate, theatrical royal lifestyle. His reign of 72 years, from 1638 to 1715, it is the longest documented reign of any European monarch. To establish absolutism in France Louis XIV used divers strategies including the centralization of the French state, diminishing the nobles' power and oppressing the third estate.
Rhetoric . A word many believe withholds a negative connotation in reference to politics, yet little did do they know, such a small-scale word has numerous definitions. Rhetoric , wWhen used in a different context, it can mean many different thingscan have many different meanings. As mentioned abovementioned, it is known to have a negativebad implication, reason being, that candidates use certain persuading techniques towards voters in order to bash their opponents. That way, they can gain votes for their own party, and convince the voters that other candidates are doing things the wrong way and gain votes for their own party. I personally perceive rhetoric as an act of communication that demands a response. as an act
Cognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. A well-known psychologist Leon Festinger (1919–89), introduced this concept in the late 1950s where he proved that, when confronted with challenging new information; most people are observed to preserve their current understanding of the world by rejecting or avoiding the new information or by convincing themselves that no conflict really exists in one way or the other (Festinger, 04).
What exactly is “truth”? And how do we arrive at the truth? Over these past weeks I have successfully be able to study two different but very closely linked methods of arriving at what we human beings know as truth. Introduced to the method of pragmatism by William James, I have concluded that pragmatism uses an approach in which reason is used to find what is true but what also has to be considered is that the truth is subject to change. Which distinguishes it from Rene Descartes' method of pursuing what is true. Essentially they follow the same procedures. Although at the final moments of my research, I began to find myself pro-pragmatism. I disbelieve Descartes claim that the mind believes everything that is perceived through the human eye which leaves no room for an imagination. Both James and Descartes differ in some areas while maintaing similarities in others. Whether its concerning the way their visions are presented, their interpretations of the truth, or how applicable the idea of it is to our lives.
2. Chapter 2, page 18, #3: “It was hypnotism. I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything.”
Constructivism is a theory of learning that emphasizes the active construction of knowledge by individuals. Inquiry of learning is a theory developed by Dewey in which it emphasizes the development of student’s cognitive abilities such as reasoning and decision making. Inquiry theory, is reflected in reading instruction by having children choose their own vocabulary, asking their own thought provoking questions and giving them the opportunity to construct their own meaning. Schemata theory strives to explain how knowledge is created and used by the learners. In reading instruction schemata can be observe as a child tries to understand a story by using past personal experience to relate to concepts in the story. Transitional response theory is the notion that all readers have unique background schemata. In transitional theory all readers will have a different response to the text. Psycholinguistic theory is the study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes including the process of language acquisition. In reading it helps the readers make predictions about what the text say based on their knowledge in these areas. Metacognition is the process of thinking about one’s own thinking. In reading metacognition helps reading comprehension. Engagement theory seeks to articulate the differences between engaged and disengaged readers. In reading, engagement theory is best seen when children are motivated to read and are constantly reading or
reader creates “supplementary meaning” to the text by unconsciously setting up tension, also called binary opposition. Culler describes this process in his statement “The process of thematic interpretation requires us to move from facts towards values, so we can develop each thematic complex, retaining the opposition between them” (294). Though supplementary meaning created within the text can take many forms, within V...
Chronic diseases put people in a state of watchful awareness of their condition. While chronic conditions and the outcomes are well studied, the psychological effects of uncertainty remain in question (Baily, Lawrence, Barroso, Bixby, Michel, Muir, Strickland & Clip, 2009). The intrusion of any chronic sickness is a highly stressfu...
The first published theory of coping was imagined by Lazarus (1984), who ascribed to the cognitive viewpoint. Lazarus was interested in the concept of stress as a transaction, and suggested that people go through stages of appraisal. The first stage is where the individual determines whether or not the event is a threat. If the event is identified as threatening, the individual then evaluates their ability to cope with the stressor. These evaluations are repeated regularly to ensure continued accuracy, especially as the individual attempts to deal with the stressor. Dienstbier (1989) refined this theory so that the term "stress" pertained only to negative outcomes, whereas the term "challenge" was introduced in reference to transactions which could lead to either a positive or negative outcome. The distinction was important because these outcomes resulted in different physiological responses. Frankenhaeuser (1986) discovered that these responses were tied to the level of dissatisfaction the ...
The way that each individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the world that surrounds you is known as perception. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it under various conditions. Each person’s perceptions are used as a kind of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the effect that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to believe that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many ways. The quality of a person’s perceptions is very important and can affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. “Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action.” (Schermerhorn, et al.; p. 3). Perception can be influenced by a person’s personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can play little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up.
Many psychologists have attempted to explain or categorize individual ambiguity tolerance. Tolerance of ambiguity is referred as the tendency to observe uncertain situations as desirable. On the other hand, Intolerance of ambiguity is the tendency to observe uncertain situations as sources of threat. According to the Tolerance of Ambiguity assessment, my tolerance of ambiguity is moderate scoring 88. People with high tolerance accept uncertainty as a natural part of life, whereas the people with low tolerance consider uncertainties as threats. As I am neither high nor low in the tolerance of ambiguity, which means I do not take uncertainty as a natural part of life nor consider uncertainties as threats. Unlike the low tolerance of ambiguity people, I do not worry about my future, I go with the flow, let whatever has to
"Family is not an important thing. It's everything.” This remarkable quote by Michel J. Fox should be the definition of family. Family is everything, they are our motivation, the ones that will love us when others don’t, and are the ones who stick to each other as gum when times get tough. Families have the most robust connections alive. These ties are so solid, and deeply intact that they can do everything and anything. These links allow a family to influence, shape, impact, and change one’s life. The intimacy within the family sphere, shape all who are inside it, this cannot be changed, and well anything that comes from within the family cannot be changed. The family itself can control and change our views on society, influence how we view the family unit, and yet most of all impact our everyday choices. The family’s capacity of guidance can make such an abundant shift that can only be felt, and barely visible unless seen through strained eyes, that makes this connection even more inexplicable than love.