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Literature review on advertising effectiveness
Literature review on advertising effectiveness
Background of advertising
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Leo Burnett, a 20th-century advertising executive, has once upon a time boldly stated, “Good advertising does not just circulate information. It penetrates the public mind with desires and beliefs.” Years ago children had a couple of dolls and a Lego set, and that was all they needed. The children of today, however, are raised differently. Money buys them iPads, laptops, videogames, but somehow, they still want more. In the contemporary world of ever-growing consumerism, people’s needs and wants have started shaping according to the commercial and the cultural environment they are exposed to. The advertising industry takes advantage of people’s constant desire to live a better life and possess nicer things. Production is expanding with high speed due to the same reason. This essay will discuss the basic aim of advertising – to convince customers they not only need but also want a certain product – by comparing and contrasting the opinions of John Kenneth Galbraith, a noted scholar, and F.A. Hayek, a professor and Nobel Laureate in Economics.
Advertising nowadays is a powerful phenomenon; far more powerful than several years ago when social networks and the internet were not a part of everyone’s daily routine. With such a variety of media channels, contemporary marketing has become extremely influential. Not only that, but also the extent to which consumers allow ads to penetrate their minds has been fascinating scholars and psychologists for years now. Numerous studies throughout the academic world are trying to explain the effect which advertising has on consumers – how do they manage to promote their products so successfully; do people really need them? For example, a paper by Melanie Dempsey and Andrew Mitchell on this speci...
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Shah, Anup. “Creating the Consumer.” Global Issues . N.p., 14 May 2003. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. < http://www.globalissues.org/article/236/creating-the-consumer>.
“The things you own end up owning you.” FightClubQuotes.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2011..
Thoma, Mark. “John Kenneth Galbraith’s Contributions to Economics.” Economist’s View . N.p., 30 Apr. 2006. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. .
Thompson, Ethan. “John Kenneth Galbraith “The Dependence Effect.” AdCrit. 19 Jan. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. < http://adcrit-tamucc.blogspot.com/2011/01/john-kenneth-galbraith-dependence.html>.
Advertising is so prominent in American culture, and even the world at large, that this media form becomes reflective of the values and expectations of the nation’s society at large.
Hubbard, R. G., & O'Brien, A. P. (2010). Economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Hall.
McConnell, C., Brue, S., & Flynn, S. (2012).Economics: principles, problems, and policies. (19 ed., p. 375-390). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/0077771699/id/L4-1-1
Journal Of Political Economy, 95(6), 1307. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/b/benwhishaw517375.html#BuGImMQjmwhFOTBO.99
Have you ever seen an advertisement for a product and could immediately relate to the subject or the product in that advertisement? Companies that sell products are always trying to find new and interesting ways to get buyers and get people’s attention. It has become a part of our society today to always have products being shown to them. As claimed in Elizabeth Thoman’s essay Rise of the Image Culture: Re-Imagining the American Dream, “…advertising offered instructions on how to dress, how to behave, how to appear to others in order to gain approval and avoid rejection”. This statement is true because most of the time buyers are persuaded by ads for certain products.
“What We are to Advertisers” by James B. Twitchell is a short article that emphasize how advertisement attracts audience magically. From the quote, “ Mass production means mass marketing, and mass marketing means the creation of mass stereotypes” James points out of how the world appear to be. The advertisers seems to be psychologically abuse to the public for them to be successful in their industry. Base on the way the society act, dress and thinks, we fantasize something ridiculous and only our imagination can only make it close to a reality. With that in mind, the industry of advertisements will immediately think of a way to try and sell their product to us.
Is advertising the ultimate means to inform and help us in our everyday decision-making or is it just an excessively powerful form of mass deception used by companies to persuade their prospects and customers to buy products and services they do not need? Consumers in the global village are exposed to increasing number of advertisement messages and spending for advertisements is increasing accordingly.
McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies - Nineteenth Edition. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Everyday we encounter advertisements through social media, television, billboards, and events. Advertisers take advantage of these platforms to promote their products to a specific viewing audience. Viewers subconsciously interpret the messages these commercials convey to them, and it lingers in their mind. The commercials are full varying signs that represent, “cultural desire and consciousness,” the lack of consciousness for subtle messages create illusions in the minds of the viewers to instate the desire amongst them (Maasik, Solomon 158). This gives advertisers power over viewers, if this power is abused, it allows for the negative messages to retain in the subconscious.
Friedman, Milton. An Economist's Protest: Columns in Political Economy. Glen Ridge] N.J.: T. Horton, 1972. 6-7. Print.
Robert Cooter and Thomas Ulen. Law & Economics 6th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Boston, MA. November 2010.
Trampe,D., Stapel, D.D., and Siero, F.W (2011). The self-activation effect of advertisement: ads can affect whether and how consumers think about the self. The Journal of Consumers Research. Doi:10.1086/657430
Advertising generally tries to sell the things that consumers want even if they should not wish for them. Adverting things that consumers do not yearn for is not effective use of the advertiser’s money. A majority of what advertisers sell consists of customer items like food, clothing, cars and services-- things that people desire to have. On the other hand it is believed by some advertising experts that the greatest influence in advertising happens in choosing a brand at the point of sale.
Advertising has been around for many years, developing and ranging from announcements, art, and handwritten material, to print, radio, television, and online. Regardless of the medium though, there has always been a common goal— to sell a product or service. In recent years however, Williams (1980) points out that advertising has “passed the frontier of selling goods and services and has become involved with the teaching of social and personal values” (p. 421). This is done by brands creating a look of a certain lifestyle for themselves and selling that look to consumers in a magical way (Williams, 1980). Advertisements for brands make consumers feel that if they buy a certain product they will feel a certain way and when people identify with
Goodman (1997) asserts the average young person views more than 3000 ads per day on television (TV), on the Internet, on billboards, and in magazines. At this rate, teenagers are exposed to a vast range of advertisements that create awareness and knowledge of products and services in the market. Moreover, the objective of advertisements is to increase sales and grow profits. Though advertisers are not psychologists, they are aware of strategic techniques that will cause teenagers to be convinced to buy their product. For instance, the method of using product placement and celebrity endorsement is common, and in spite of this, advertisements tend to be more memorable namely due to popularity. According to the traditional hierarchy-of-effects models of advertising state that advertising exposure leads to cognitions, such as memory about the advertisement, the brand; which in turn leads to attitudes, i.e. Product liking and attitude toward purchase; which in the end leads to behaviors, like buying the advertised product