Abstract— Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is a type of motor which is popular both in industry and automotive. In automotive, this motor is often used in electric vehicles (EV) due to its high efficiency so that the EV can save more energy to run. In this project, a control module of BLDC motor is designed to simulate the performance of the motor of an electric vehicle and simulate load on the motor due to a disturbance in the street as the effects of frictional forces and the contours of the road such as the downhill and uphill as a part of the electric vehicles testing simulator system. Therefore, control module of BLDC motor is divided into two sub-modules, namely test motor control sub module that simulates the performance of the …show more content…
The disadvantage of this motor is the need of electronic driver to comutate the motor and make the bldc motor system become expensive. Nevertheless, if efficiency is essential then the bldc motor system is inexpensive considering many advantage which can be gotten. This is the reason why many EV (electric vehicle) developer use BLDC motor as the propulsion …show more content…
To simplify the calculation in control system design, it is common to use first order approach and assume the system to be linear. To realize this project, the matematical model of 3-phase BLDC motor system being used is needed. Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of BLDC Motor
Configuration of 3-phase BLDC motor can be seen in Figure 1.
BLDC motor driver sequentially give potential voltage in one of the phase either Va, Vb or Vc and another phase is grounded according to rotor position. This sequential make the mathematical model of BLDC motor can be approached as DC Motor [4]. So, the mechanical and electrical equation of BLDC motor can be written as follows [5],
Mechanical Equation
〖 T〗_e- T_l= J (dω_m)/dt+Bω_m "………………..(1)"
Electrical Equation Vm=Ra.Ia+La (dI_a)/dt+V_be "………………..(2)"
with,
〖T_e= K〗_t*I_a "………………..(3)"
V_be= K_(e.) ω_e
The Automotive, or electric car industry particularly, comprises all those companies and activities involved in the manufacture of electric motor vehicles (EV), including most components, such as engines, bodies and rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. The industry’s principal products are passenger automobiles. Despite the fact that the first electric cars were produced in 1880s , the advances in internal combustion engines, especially the electric starter, soon diminished the relative advantages of the electric car and became the dominant design in the market. Due to this the EV was almost a forgotten industry staying in the early stage of development, conforming to less than 1% of the automotive stock
...late 17th century, and beginning of the 18th century, transportation was favored by American society so much, the wealthier would hire chauffer’s to take people places. So not only did the motor produce a better and more efficient life style, it also created a huge business industry, as we know it today called, “valeting”. The actual motor worked like this. “Two cups filled with mercury would contain a magnet and a wire with one being fixed and the other free to move. Whenever a current was passed through the wire, the free moving magnet or wire would revolve around its fixed partner due to the electromagnet forces being produced.” (History of Innovation). This first motor was a prime example of the fact that movement could be created by electricity and electricity could be created by friction. This motor was the most useful and applicable invention in the 1800’s.
The idea of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been around for longer than a decade, as many people may not have originally thought. In fact, hybrid vehicles have been in development for the past century. The combination of an electric motor and a gasoline engine has been stirring in the minds of scientists and inventors alike for many years. Hybrid cars have surpassed many feats as it's progressed through the years, such as increased gas mileage and reducing the pollutants that regular internal combustion engines expel. While the hybrid car is in high demand at the present time, some people believe these cars are just a quick resolution before bigger and better ideas, such as fuel cell vehicles, begin taking over the automobile industry. Still, the development of the hybrid car has had many effects on today's society and may continue to in the future.
The PSS is an additional control system, which is often applied as a part of an excitation control system. The basic function of the PSS is to apply a signal to the excitation system, producing electrical torques to the rotor in phase with speed differences that damp out power oscillations. They perform within the generator’s excitation system to create a part of electrical torque, called damping torque, proportional to speed change. A CPSS can be modeled by a two stage (identical), lead-lag network which is represented by a gain K and two time constants T1 and T2. This network is connected with a washout circuit of a time constant Tw. The signal washout block acts as a high-pass filter with the time constant Tw that allows the signal associated with the oscillations in rotor speed to pass unchanged. Furthermore, it does not allow the steady state changes to modify the terminal voltages. The phase compensation blocks with time constants T1i – T4i supply the suitable phase-lead characteristics to compensate the phase lag between the input and the output signals. The commonly used structure of the PSS is shown in Fig
Electric cars have dated as far back as 1880, with the first model being mass produced in the later 1880’s. At early stages of automobiles, there were no clear benefits from either type of engine. In fact, a majority of cars in use at the time were electric. Steam and combustion engines were less developed and not as popular. Before the 1900’s an electric car held the land speed record for motor vehicles. (Bellis, 2014) As roads were built and the range that vehicles would need to travel increased, the need for a longer lasting vehicle rose. This is why at the turn of the century the popularity of gasoline powered engines arose. Electric vehicles were still valued for their short term transportation (within cities) and relatively easy use, but they began to lose prevalence as developments into combustion rose. Production for electric cars peaked in 1912 (Bellis, 2014) and saw a drastic decline since
This paper is a look at the physics behind car racing. We look look at how we can use physics to select tires, how physics can help predict how much traction we will have, how physics helps modern cars get there extreme speed, how physics lets us predict the power of an engine, and how physics can even help the driver find the quickest way around the track.
The exact workings of different brushless DC motors depend on the type of timing device used. This example uses a Reed switch.
Energy efficient motors use more copper and iron than regular motors. They also consume less energy than regular motors.
In my undergraduate years, I have acquired a strong background in the fundamentals of basic mechanical engineering, having studied subjects such as Strength of Materials, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Design of Machine Elements and Automobile Engineering. Whilst pursuing my diploma & degree courses, my interest for Automotive Engineering grew even more having learnt more on the different types of internal combustion engines, their configuration and importance. However, what I lacked was a practical understanding on these core areas of Automotive Engineering. To gain a better understandi...
This hopefully adds some insight into the use of electric motors, and the principals of them that make these motors work. Such as electromagnetism, binary switches for DC motors, and the selection of a running frequency of a motor through the use of an oscillator.
Using electricity is also far less noisy than the vehicles with gas and pistons. Many
Hybrid vehicles first came on the seen to create super efficient cars to combat rising fuel costs and offer more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional combustion vehicles. The hybrid vehicle concept is that there are two motors at work, one is traditionally a gasoline engine paired with a small battery powered electric motor. Each manufacturer’s hybrid power-train varies, but the main benefits gained from the addition of an electric motor and battery pack, is that the electric motor adds free power from the battery pack in the car to aid in acceleration and
Most people today fill up their car with different qualities of petrol, because that's what the average car takes. They don't usually consider an alternative for the petrol that they load into their cars. Although petrol is widely used, it is not the only source for a car to get its power from; diesel and electricity are alternatives to the general petrol used by most cars. Although different from each other, diesel and electricity are alternatives to the average gasoline received at a gas station. Diesel is a more concentrated type of fuel that is usually used by big automobiles because they require a lot of power in a little amount of time. Electricity is a method that uses the power of batteries to produce a low horsepower but, nevertheless fast automobile. Electric cars are generally created to be soundless and environment friendly. The purpose of this paper is to classify and educate the reader of the different types of fuel available for an automobile to use: petrol, diesel, and electricity. The general petrol, used by most people, is usually the only type of fuel accepted on the average car in the United States today.
There is no doubt that electric cars are the most appealing from of transportation in the world. They provide two of the most important key points of good transportation: reliable and efficient. They are reliable due to their simplicity of their power trains and the advancement of technology they have. They are efficient because they don't use any gasoline and because their motors can pass the zero-emission standard. Even though they may seem like a boring form of transportation, they offer good features that help keep the Earth's air clean and they help reduce pollution.