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Rheumatic fever sxs
Rheumatic fever sxs
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Introduction:
Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and its successive partner, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), pose a serious issue in paediatric health world wide. Alarmingly New Zealand is one of the biggest contributors and has the highest recorded number of ARF cases internationally (Jaine, Baker, & Venugopal, 2008). This essay will discuss the pathophysiology and epidemiology of ARF and RHD. It will focus on the impact this illness has on Maori and Pacific Island children in particular as ARF is almost exclusive within these ethnic groups (Atatoa-Carr, Bell, & Lennon, 2008; Sopoaga, Buckingham, & Paul, 2010). Additionally, the role that paramedics exhibit in acute cases of ARF will be discussed; with focus being on how paramedics and other health professionals are able to reduce the burden ARF imposes on New Zealand society.
Pathophysiology:
ARF originates from an autoimmune response to a common bacterial infection; group A Streptococcus (GAS) (Jaine, Baker, & Venugopal, 2011). A phenomenon called molecular mimicry occurs, in which antibodies directed towards M proteins found on GAS molecules interact with glycoprotein antigens found in connective tissue of the heart and joints (Porth, & Matfin, 2009). This autoimmune response can continue for weeks after GAS infection is cleared from the body and results in irreversible damage to the connective tissues of the heart. Although the likelihood of developing ARF from untreated GAS infection is relatively low, the incidence of ARF development from recurrent GAS infection is much higher (Porth, & Matfin, 2009). Although the pathogenesis of ARF is not fully understood there is a proven correlation between GAS infection and ARF development (Lennon, 2004). Porth & Maftin (2009) state that the...
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...eumatic Fever 1. Diagnosis, Management and Secondary Prevention. Auckland: Author.
Porth, C., & Matfin, G. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered Health States (8th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Remenyi, B., Carapetis, J., Wyber, R., Taubert, K., & Mayosi, B.M. (2013). Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, (10), 284-292. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.34
Sopoaga, F., Buckingham, K., & Paul, C. (2010). Causes of excess hospitalizations among pacific peoples in new zealand: Implications for primary care. Journal of Primary Health Care, 2(2), 105.
Steer, A. C., & Carapetis, J. R. (2009). Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in indigenous populations.Pediatric Clinics of North America, 56(6), 1401-1419. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.011
Environment, dietary and lifestyle factors play a big role in how rheumatic heart disease is spread. Most developing countries have a higher percentage of people how suffer from rheumatic heart disease because the poor state of the environment they inhabit. Dietary factors can play a role only due to insanitary condition in which food is made not due to the amount of food eaten due the fact that RHD is caused by a bacteria. Lifestyle factors contribute to rheumatic heart disease because most people do not tend to or treat minor cuts they might have had. This article will be about the communication between the cardiovascular system and immune systems and how rheumatic heart disease affects the two.
There are significant health disparities that exist between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Being an Indigenous Australian means the person is and identifies as an Indigenous Australian, acknowledges their Indigenous heritage and is accepted as such in the community they live in (Daly, Speedy, & Jackson, 2010). Compared with Non-Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal people die at much younger ages, have more disability and experience a reduced quality of life because of ill health. This difference in health status is why Indigenous Australians health is often described as “Third World health in a First World nation” (Carson, Dunbar, Chenhall, & Bailie, 2007, p.xxi). Aboriginal health care in the present and future should encompass a holistic approach which includes social, emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing in order to be culturally suitable to improve Indigenous Health. There are three dimensions of health- physical, social and mental- that all interrelate to determine an individual’s overall health. If one of these dimensions is compromised, it affects how the other two dimensions function, and overall affects an individual’s health status. The social determinants of health are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age which includes education, economics, social gradient, stress, early life, social inclusion, employment, transport, food, and social supports (Gruis, 2014). The social determinants that are specifically negatively impacting on Indigenous Australians health include poverty, social class, racism, education, employment, country/land and housing (Isaacs, 2014). If these social determinants inequalities are remedied, Indigenous Australians will have the same opportunities as Non-Ind...
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier
Willis, E, Reynolds, L & Keleher, H 2012, Understanding the australian health care system, Mosby Elesvier, Chatswood, NSW.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both women and men in the United States. It is very important to learn about the heart to prevent heart disease. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented and treat with healthy lifestyle choices. For someone who has heart disease or does not; there is information, facts, symptoms, different types, diagnoses, tests, treatment, care, and living and managing that can be given.
Native Americans have specific culture characteristics health care providers should have basic knowledge of to provide optimal health care. They received the title “Native” because they are indigenous to North Ame...
Q fever is a self-limiting disease generally diagnosed retrospectively complicating clinical assessment of pharmacological treatment. Infectious disease specialists suggest that antibiotics should be used in all cases of acute Q fever to prevent complications, on the other hand that treatment measure is solely recommended acute cases. Treatment initiation should be within 3 days of illness detection for antibiotic treatment to be most effective. The pharmaceutical antibiotic of choice for acute Q fever is tetracycline or doxycycline for a period of seven to fourteen days after diagnosis [Raoult 1993]. One study administered doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily in comparison to erythromycin 500 mg orally every 6 hours for 10 days. Pre-treatment symptoms were similar in both trial groups, but fever was subsided
Therefore, providing culturally appropriate services for people has significant role for health professional; the main reasons of this is culturally appropriate services are linked inextricably with the health of the clients. According to Oda & Rameka (2012), in 1980s, Maori were experience racial discrimination and that is linked to higher rate of illness on Maori, such as mental illness, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, mortality, and health-risk behaviors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. This is the results of unfair health service. During to the research (Oda & Rameka, 2012), people are more attempt not to see the doctor when they are experiencing discrimination and it makes their mortality higher than other non- Maori. Another factor could be Maori are not unable to access the health information and there was poor health literacy in that era and they were not able to understand different disease and lack of health education of living with a healthy lifestyle (Oda & Rameka, 2012). A classic example can be seen in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, at the era, people did not know the repercussion of tobacco and alcohol use, but if they were able to access the information they would understand the
Porth, C. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Rochford, T. (2004). Whare Tapa Wha: A Mäori model of a unified theory of health. Journal of Primary Prevention, 25(1), 41-57. doi: 10.1023/B:JOPP.0000039938.39574.9e
Although much is unknown on the causes of R.A. there are many things we see in correlation with the onset of disease. These include Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. The mycoplasma bacteria, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus and rubella (German measles) virus have all been considered as possible causative factors but conclusive evidence is still lacking (Zeliadt, 2010). Many times there have only been considerations for infectious bacteria causing this disease but now that idea is being questioned. A study involving mice in bacteria free cages showed that the friendly gut dwelling segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) can cause onset of R.A. in greater numbers than those without. The mice that did no...
McCance, K.L. & Huether, S.E. (2010). Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in adults and children. (6th ed.) Mosby: Maryland Heights, Missouri. ISBN: 978-0323065849.
The notion of health is contextual and an interactive, dynamic process between person and environment (Schim et al, 2007). Both wellness and illness are conceptualized by the ‘person’, existing on a continuum across the lifespan (Arnold & Boggs, 2001).
Medicine presents a myriad of complex puzzles waiting to be solved. Though not for the faint of heart, Internal Medicine allows for a daily dose of these complex diagnostic and treatment problems. During my Internal Medicine rotation, one of my most memorable cases was a 44-year-old who presented with shortness of breath, cough, night sweats, fever, focal neurological