Functions of some active and passive components of GSM base station such as transceiver (TRx), power amplifiers (PA), combiners, duplexers, antennas, alarm extension system, control function, base-band receiver (BBxx), signal DSP, main distribution board, rectifier and Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) are discussed in [20]. Other components discussed are DC ventilation system, air conditional, generators, BTS cabinet, transmission rack, microwave antenna, aviation light, and optical fibre/coaxial cable.
GSM Transmitter Measurement for Base Transceiver Station and their Components
Measurements was performed on active components of GSM BTS and their components by [21]. It explained that GSM standards define radio communications systems that work properly only if each component part operates within precise limits. Base stations must transmit enough power, with sufficient fidelity to maintain a call of acceptable quality, without transmitting excessive power into the frequency and timeslot allocated to others.
Some factors responsible for interference were identified such as: spectrum due to modulation and wideband noise, spectrum due to switching, and transmitter and receiver band spurious. The need to watch out for BTS receiver sensitivity was also highlighted [21].
Overview of Latest Development of Standard in Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetic radiations are produced by GSM base station antennas, the allowable levels of radiations are regulated by a country’s communications commission following the guidelines and standards produced by standard setting organisation such as; International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)...
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...radio equipment, switches, antennas, transceivers for signal processing-both BTS and Gateways, fibre optic network and backbone, transmission and all other electronic systems and components of the mobile network.
Passive infrastructure that comprises the non-electronic infrastructure including though not limited to towers, shelters, air conditioning equipment, generator set, battery banks, electrical supply, technical premises, and Rest Room and pylons, which account for nearly 60 percent of network roll out cost [6]. See Table 2.1 below for the categorization.
Table 2.1: Mobile Infrastructure Components [6]
Active Components Passive Components
1. Base Station 1. Tower
2. Microwave Radio Equipment 2. Shelters
3. Switches 3. Electric Supply
4. Antennas 4. Rest Room
5. Transceivers 5. Ducts
6. Fibre Optic network 6. Cable Right of Way
Passive Infrastructure Sharing
Radio systems must have transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. To using amplitude modulation or angle modulation ,which can be frequency modulation or phase modulation. Radio systems have antenna to convert
During the 1960’s Toronto was in the midst of a building boom as many buildings were rising changing the city of Toronto’s skyline from one that was formed by short buildings into one filled with tall skyscrapers. This posed a challenge for the transmission towers that existed during this time period as they “were simply not high enough to broadcast over the new buildings” (CN Tower). Due to the creation of the new buildings, the signals emitted from the transmission towers were bouncing off the buildings and as a result people living within the area would receive inadequate television and radio quality. So, it was proposed that a new telecommunication tower would be created that would have signal receptors at extremely high vantage points on the top of the antenna at 1815.4 feet and at 1109...
Y. Tajika , T. Saito, K. Termoto , N. Oosaka and M. Isshiki "Networked home appliance system using GSM technology integrating appliance control/monitoring with internet service", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp.1043 -1048 2003
Large doses of radio waves are believed to cause cancer, leukaemia and other disorders. Some people claim that the very low frequency field from overhead power cables near their homes has affected their health. Microwaves Microwaves are basically extremely high frequency radio waves, and are made by various types of transmitter. In a mobile phone, they're made by a transmitter chip and an antenna, in a microwave oven they're made by a "magnetron". Their wavelength is usually a couple of centimetres.
· cellular phones make it convenient for EVERYONE to keep in contact with each other
The level of RF a person receives is related to many factors, not only the placement of the antenna. Factors that can increase the level of RF are the number of “cells”, the distance to the “base station”, or the obstacles between the caller and the station. The number of cell zones depends on the user population. Heavily populated areas have more cells allowing for more telecommunication traffic. Being close to a cell site lowers the power needed to sustain a call, hence reduces the exposure to RF.
Cell phones are a miracle to modern day living. Unlike previous eras where communication was done strictly across a hard-wired telephone line, cell phones now give the freedom to those that can afford them a radio-based uplink to the rest of the world. Not only are they for voice communication, but they also allow for transmission of virtually any kind of digital data.
Analysis of the Environment of the Mobile Network System Executive Summary 3 Glossary of Abbreviations 4 Introduction 5 Recent History
Cell phone manufacturers and service providers are at the core of the cell phone industry. These corporations are integral from their research and development endeavors to interactions with the consumer and the marketing of new products. The companies that control such factors of cellular phones are very numerous, so it is difficult to address all the cell phone manufacturers and service providers. However, we have focused largely on only the most significant cellular companies namely in the U.S. marketplace, although many have global ties. Collectively, companies around the world have the same goals in mind – to create desirable cutting-edge technology and to increase consumer satisfaction with hopes of generating sales, and thus profits.
The wireless communications industry is perhaps matched only by the personal computer field in the rate at which new products and features are being introduced to the marketplace. What was once a novelty, used primarily by businesses, has now become commonplace among the masses. Today, cellular phones are owned by more than 114 million Americans according the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association reports . One of the advantages of having a cellular/mobile phone is that time spent commuting, caught up in traffic and traveling could now be productive. In addition, it increases the sense of security for people driving alone or concerned about vehicle breakdowns.
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
This report will describe the two forms of data communications in terms of the physical interfaces and modes of operation. It will describe the features of data communications equipment in relation to synchronous and asynchronous communication including modems, network terminating units and sending and receiving equipment.
A mobile phone is a telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio
Infrastructure relates to all recourses (human and technical) that the system is based on even though these resources exist and are managed outside it. This mainly includes human infrastructure which helps support and training stuff, information, such a shared database. Programming technology and networks are part of technical infrastructure (Alter 2002 p. 48)
One of the latest advancements in wireless data. It is used in GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) for transferring data in packets.