APSY 460 Motivation
Arousal Theory
Andrew P. Basa
Azusa Pacific University College
Author Note
Andrew P. Basa, Applied Studies student, Azusa Pacific University College
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Andrew P. Basa, Applied Studies student, Azusa Pacific University College, 901 E. Alosta Ave., P.O. Box 7000, Azusa, CA 91702-7000. E-mail: abasa13@uc.apu.edu
It is amazing to watch how most athletes perform at their peak and continue to produce and set record-breaking performances. What drives them to these high levels of motivation and productivity? They may come from various influences and source of motivation and these similar sources can also energize certain individuals affect behavior and arouse their drive.
A motivation theory that was presented in the 20th is called “Arousal Theory”. The two psychologists by the names Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson were the ones responsible for introducing the “Yerkes-Dodson Law” in the early 1900’s. The theory suggests, “during low arousal or stimulation the results is slow and lethargic and as the arousal increases so does the performance”. As it applies to motivation, arousal is a need that can be triggered by several factors. For instance, they can be a factor that is dependent on the temperature or climate. The arousal can be dictated by either hot or cold. In “cold” situations, arousal can be deemed low and on the other spectrum of being “hot”, arousal can elevate. During winter times, generally people tend to stay inside and stay warm in their cozy homes relaxing in their fireplace. People’s tendencies can be relaxed and lazy (low arousal). On the other hand, during summer weather most of us are vibrant and lively enjoy...
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...we are a professional athlete, a teenager who listens to rap music or a combat veteran suffering from PTSD.
References
Types of Arousal Retrieved from http://changingminds.org/explanations/motivation/three_arousal.htm
Forgas, J. P., Brennan, G., Howe, S., Fane, J. F., & Sweet, S. (1980). Audience Effects on Squash Player Performance. Journal Of Social Psychology, 111(1), 41.
Pieschl, S., & Fegers, S. (2016). Violent lyrics equals aggressive listeners? Effects of song lyrics and tempo on cognition, affect, and self-reported arousal. Journal Of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, And Applications, 28(1), 32-41. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000144
Sutton, D., Wilson, M., Van Kessel, K., & Vanderpyl, J. (2013). Optimizing arousal to manage aggression: A pilot study of sensory modulation.International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 22(6), 500. doi:10.1111/inm.12010
Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Mar., 1995), pp. 447-464. Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784403
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
Athlete’s sometimes worry too much about how their fans feel rather than focusing on the game. They think about how they will be celebrating after they win or what they will say to the media if they lose. (The Psychology of Sports Fans) Unlike some of the loud sports such as football, basketball, and hockey, golf and tennis are proven to not be mentally tough sports because their games are played in silence. (Gasquet, Richard)
What is motivation? According to text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves. Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s H...
One reason why the popular music should be less explicit is because this may trigger feelings of aggression. Daniel Levitin, a prominent American cognitive psychologist, neuroscientist, record producer, musician, and writer (2006) claims, “As a tool for arousing feelings and emotions, music is better than language.” It is likely that music with negative or angry lyrics could provoke feelings of aggression just as a sad song brings a tear to your eye. Music affects the brain in ways that we are still trying to understand. One major subject of the research is how aggressive music affects brain function.
Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: a Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature." Psychological Science (2001). EBSCO. DePaul Library. 7 Mar. 2008.
subjects were found to experience an increase in aggressive thoughts after listening to songs with violent lyrics. Those subjected to the mean music were more apt to connect hostile meanings to words deemed to be violence neutral by the researchers” (Morrison). In time, words that aren’t intended to cause malicious thoughts, suddenly take on new meanings. Travis L. Dixon, who studies Communication at the University of ... ... middle of paper ... ...
Music, a popular outlet amongst the teen community for exploring emotions and blowing off steam. Times have changed, and the way music and lyrics are perceived has developed in a violent fashion. According to new studies, that have occurred, violent music lyrics increase aggressive thoughts and feelings. I chose this topic because music is such an influential part of our lives that it often dictates the mood we seize to exist in. If violent thoughts occur, what can come of it?
Violent song lyrics increase negative emotions and thoughts that can lead to aggression, according to a study published in the May issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 84, No. 5) [1]. Western Connecticut state university student Eliana Tropeano did a study examining the effects of watching violent rap videos. Tropeanos’ experiment found that videos containing violent lyrics, and degrading behaviors made the individual feel and conduct themselves in a more aggressive manner. The effects of how music provokes violence has been examined by many, this is due to the amount of people listening to music every day. Research has proven that exposure to such violence through the media heightens the youths chances of having similar aggressive thoughts and behaviors. In 1986 N.W.A released their first debut album introducing more explicit lyrics and violent destructive images in their videos such as “F—Tha Police”. This pushed other west coast rappers to begin u...
Motivation and Emotion (pg. 354) both play an important part in our daily life. Motivation helps us understand why we do things a certain way or why our behaviors change unexpectedly. While emotion shows our relationships with others and our health, and making important decisions. Motivation comes from the latin word “movere” which means to move where one starts on activities until one's psychological needs are fulfilled. An example in the chapter is “when a person is relaxed in front of the television and begins to feel hungry, the physical need for food might cause the person to get up, go into the kitchen, and search for something to eat”(Ciccarelli). But, there are two different types of motivation, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. In
Motivation is key in the workplace. It is developed from the collaboration of both conscious and unconscious principles such as the strength of desire or need, motivating force or reward estimation of the objective, and desires of the person and of his or her peers/co-workers. These elements are the reasons one has for carrying on a specific way. An illustration is an understudy that invests additional energy contemplating for a test since he or she needs a superior review in the class. The Inside and outside principles that animate want and vitality in individuals to be constantly intrigued and centered around their work, part or subject, or to try to achieve an objective.
Motivate the motivation, simple words that can mean some much to an athlete, but what is motivation really? In the games and sports, psychological and physiological factors play an important role in determining the performance level (Grange & Kerr, 2010; Schilling & Hyashi, 2001). Motivation also plays an important role in determining the performance level an athlete, but plays a role in the psychological and physiological factors as well. Motivation is more than a behavior or idea, it is an impact on how we interact with others, how we process defeat, feel, and how we play. Motivation will not only help an athlete get the starting position or gain an award but more importantly, help an athlete reach their potential. Motivation like most things
Motivation and emotion are usually viewed as two psychological features that seemingly share cause-and-effect relationship. We often see motivation as something that stimulates a person to act and behave to achieve a desired goal, while emotion is the feelings that emerge from the motive or drive itself, from the actions caused by the motive and from the achievement or failure of the desired goal. However. Motivation has been defined in different ways over the years, but a common component of the different definitions is that motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the “arousal, direction and persistence of a person’s behaviour”. Motivation has been defined in various ways
The layman’s view of motivation is defined has the action whereby one is given a reason or purpose to complete an objective with more zeal. This in itself is not something new, but rather a method that has been applied for an immeasurable number years, possibly before it was even defined, classified
For example; when a person feel like that his or her arousal level is going down then to rise that he or she might go for a jog or listen to music. Actually, we all believe that in today’s world in the pressure of the competition of achieving good grades we as a teachers even forget to see the pressure of the students. And many students interest to learn is no longer there. So, we need to change this. In order to change this we have to make our learning environment a place where students arousal level of motivation is rising not decreased. For example; we can use music in the art class (drawing with music) also doing small group activities.etc…