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Abstract of wireless sensor network
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A sensor node is also known as a mote (mostly in North America). This sensor node in a wireless sensor network is capable of performing some processing, gathering of sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. It must be clearly understood that a mote is a node but a node is not always a mote. Although wireless sensor nodes have existed for decades and used for applications as diverse as earthquake measurements to even warfare, the latest development of small sensor nodes dates back to the 1998 Smartdust project[1] and the NASA Sensor Webs Project[1]. One of the objectives of the Smart dust project was to create autonomous sensing and communication within a cubic millimeter of space. Though this project …show more content…
The main components of a sensor are radio transceiver or optical as the communication unit, sensor as the sensing unit, a micro-controller for the processing unit and battery or solsr cells as the power unit. Several sensors may be present in the hardware device in the sensing unit. This device produces measurable response to change which acts as an Interface between motes to the environment. Theses measurable changes are sound, motion, vibration, temperature, pollutants or the pressures in environmental conditions. There are mainly two kinds of sensor used in the network. First, is the normal sensor node deployed to accuraately sense the phenomena. The second is a gateway node that interfaces sensor network to the external world so that the sensed data could reach the user. Hence the whole mechanism of wireless sensor networks works on this principle. Many types of sensor exist now-a-days such as magnetometer, accelerometer, light and others but the types of sensor being used in a sensor node will depend on the application for which it is being deployed. The processing unit in the sensor architecture is responsible for the collecting and processing of the captured signal from the sensor unit. These signals are then transmitted to the network. It determines both energy consumption as well as computational capabilities of the sensor node. The power unit consisting of battery whose main function is …show more content…
It is basically interested in receiving the data from other sensor nodes. It can be either part of the wireless sensor network or an external device such as a laptop or PDA. In general there is one base station, but depending on the application multiple base stations are possible in a network. Sensory information is communicated to the Base Station through Wireless hop by hop transmissions. Interaction patterns between the source and the sink includes the following:
Event Detection: If a certain event occurs, the sensor nodes report the measurement of this event to the interested sinks. This is known as Event detection in WSN.
Periodic measurement: Periodically reporting of events to interested sinks is necessary to get the latest data about the event. Tracking: This feature of the wireless sensor network reports the position of an observed intruder in the network.
As it can be gathered that most of the data in the sensor network will be directed toward the sink and this data conveyed will pass through many intermediate nodes before reaching the sink which is interested in the data.
Communicating data directly from the node to the sink will be very energy expensive, and also very expensive so multi hop communication is preferred in wireless sensor network.
Fig1.3: Basic example of a path from node to sink in
“Network topology is the arrangement of the various network elements such as node, link, of computer network. Basically, it is topological structure of a network which ether be physically or logically.”
to be a place to avoid. Few considered it a place to traverse, to spread
Wireless networks – While the term wireless network may technically be used to refer to any type of network that is wireless, the term is most commonly used to refer to a telecommunications network whose interconnection between nodes is implemented without the use of wires, such as a computer network. Wireless telecommunication networks are generally implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or “layer” network.
The rapid progress of embedded MEMS (micro-sensing technologies) and wireless communication has made wireless sensor networks possible. Such an environment may have many wireless nodes which are inexpensive; each node is capable of collecting, storing and processing environmental data, and communicating with neighboring nodes. These sensors are connected with wires in the past but tod...
Their key concerns would be low costs, space utilisations, operational costs in the long run (especially of owners as well), time for installation etc.
...nt costs are allocated using different factors. This is because to determine the magnitude and the scope of a certain cost, there must be some factors to be considered. Hence different categories of costs are treated differently and are allocated cost differently. Hence it is clear that cost allocation is a noble requirement for every project.
S represents Systemic - complexity and interconnectedness of situations means it is essential to be inclusive and acknowledge relationships in a system approach, to deal with the situation as a whole system rather than as parts.
Star topology networks require more cabling than bus, but the tradeoff comes in the form of a more solid network topology. A break in the network media will only affect a single node, since every node has a dedicated connection to the central device; a hub or switch. This also makes the central device a Single Point of Failure (SPOF). Redundant or failover switches are often used to eliminate the SPOF in a star LAN.
Environmental scanning "is the acquisition and use of information about events, trends, and relationships in an organization's external environment, the knowledge of which would assist management in planning the organization's future course of action." Choo (2001) As explained by Gazzale (2007) all businesses external environment are made up of three facets ": 1) the remote environment (macroeconomic factors including inflation, GDP, interest rates, etc.), 2) the industry environment (barriers to entry, the level of competition within the industry, etc.), and 3) the operating environment (the business's customers, suppliers, and workforce, etc.).
technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Since applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc.
· Inconsistent performance levels, i.e., fluctuation of monthly sales levels or decrease in pace/speed of work output.
climate is also risky due to the locations being used during transportation and how easily disruptions could emerge due to new rules or emergency situations especially due to the mentioned threats in the case. Furthermore, the terrain of the unfamiliar area could lead to longer than expected delays or loss of inventory.
De Poorter, E., Troubleyn, E., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2011). IDRA: A flexible system architecture for next generation wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 17(6), 1423-1440. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-011-0356-5
Hollows, P 2002, 'Essentials of a smooth-running network', Communications News, vol. 39, no. 7, p. 16.
Since nodes themselves are not relied upon for communication, the failure of a single node is not problematic for the rest of the network. For a major issue to occur, there must be a problem with the bus itself. Despite its simplicity and reliability, the bus network does have several limitations. The cable length of the bus is limited due to data loss. Also, a bus network may have performance issues if the nodes are located at scattered points and do not lie near a common line....