A Brief History of Unix
This document is designed to give people with no previous UNIX
experience some sense of what UNIX is. This document will cover the
history of UNIX and an introduction to UNIX.
HISTORY OF UNIX AND CAUSES FOR ITS POPULARITY
Most discussions of UNIX begin with the history of UNIX without
explaining why the history of UNIX is important to understanding UNIX.
The remainder of this document will describe some strengths and
weaknesses of UNIX and attempt to explain why UNIX is becoming
popular. All of UNIX's strengths and weaknesses can be directly
related to the history of its development, hence a discussion of
history is very useful.
UNIX was originally developed at Bell Laboratories as a private
research project by a small group of people starting in 1969. This
group had experience with a number of different operating systems
research efforts in the 1970's. The goals of the group were to design
an operating system to satisfy the following objectives:
Simple and elegant
Written in a high level language rather than assembly language
Allow re-use of code
Typical vendor operating systems of the time were extremely large and
all written in assembly language. UNIX had a relatively small amount
of code written in assembly language (this is called the kernel) and
the remaining code for the operating system was written in a high
level language called C.
The group worked primarily in the high level language in developing
the operating system. As this development continued, small changes
were necessary in the kernel and the language to allow the operating
system to be completed. Through this evolution the kernel and
associated software were extended until a complete operating system
was written on top of the kernel in the language C.
UNIX APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
Many proprietary operating systems have a simplified view of
application behavior. The typical application reads some data from
disk, tape or a terminal and does some processing. Output is produced
onto disk, tape, tape, terminal, or printer. The operating systems
generally provide easy to use well-implemented facilities to support
these types of facilities.
As applications become more sophisticated they need new features such
as network access, multi-tasking, and interprocess communications. In
traditional operating systems, these features are often hard to use,
not well documented, and only callable from assembly language. When a
program makes use of these features, the program may be much more
complex and much more difficult to maintain.
In UNIX because the C language was written to be used to implement an
operating system rather than a traditional "input-processing-output"
application, use of these sophisticated features is quite easily done
from the C language without writing any assembly language.
In literature, colors are often purposefully chosen for different characters to represent the character’s personalities. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the colors green, yellow/gold, and gray are used to represent the attributes of the colored person or place.
Throughout the story the author uses a variety of symbolism in The Great Gatsby to help develop the theme of immorality in the story. Multiple colors are used to symbolize aspects of immorality in the wealthy population at the time of The Great Gatsby. These symbols are especially present in the character Jay Gatsby throughout the story. The color green, representing needs and wants, is found multiple times in the story. Another color that helps develop the theme is white; this color represents false purity in a person or thing. Finally, corruption is usually a significant aspect of immorality especially in a wealthy setting, and under grave circumstances it can even lead to death. This segment of immorality is portrayed in the story using the color yellow. These symbols help develop the characteristics found in Jay Gatsby and also help support the theme of immorality as the book progresses.
The Great Gatsby is full of symbolism, colors, for example. Throughout the book the author uses them to represent different themes of the novel. Some of these colors are white, yellow, grey, green, pink, red and blue. However, I picked white and green for my commentary because I think these colors have a special meaning different from the others. White is mainly used to describe the character’s innocence, fakeness, and corruption. While green represents Gatsby’s hopes, ambitions, and dreams. In addition, sometimes green symbolizes the jealousy of certain characters.
The Great Gatsby is full of symbolism. Colours, for example, are used to represent many different things; some even represent a theme of the novel. White, yellow, grey, green are just some of the colours which Fitzgerald uses in a special way, because each of these colours has a special meaning, different from the ones we regularly know or use.
In 500 B.C. the abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic. In 1623 Wihelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) invented a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine could add and subtract up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. J. H. Mueller comes up with the idea of the "difference engine", in 1786. This calculator could tabulate values of a polynomial. Muellers attempt to raise funds fails and the project was forgotten. Scheutz and his son Edward produced a 3rd order difference engine with a printer in 1843 and their government agreed to fund their next project.
For most people, a certain colour may represent something meaningful to them. While in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the colours used in the novel are meant to represent something. The novel’s setting is in East and West Egg, two places in New York. Our narrator, Nick Carraway, lives in the West Egg. Along with living in West Egg is a friend of Nick’s, Jay Gatsby; a character that is in love with Daisy Buchanan. Unfortunately, Daisy is married to Tom. As the plot unravels, the reader notices the connection between certain colours and their importance to the novel. The use of colours within The Great Gatsby symbolizes actual themes, as grey symbolizes corruption, blue symbolizes reality, and green symbolizes jealousy and envy.
F. Scott Fitzgerald used the imagery of colors in his masterpiece The Great Gatsby. The colors are used very frequently as symbols, and the hues create atmosphere in different scenes of the book. White is a clean and fresh color, but the author shows how it can be tainted as well. Next, yellow illustrates the downfall of moral standards of the people of West Egg. Lastly, green, the most dominant color in the book, symbolizes wealth and Gatsby's unattainable dream.
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
It all began in 1991, during the time of monumental computing development. DOS had been bought from a Seattle hacker by Bill Gates, for a sum of $50,000 – a small price for an operating system that had managed sneak its way across the globe due to a clever marketing strategy. Apple’s OS and UNIX were both available, though the cost of running either was far greater than that of running DOS. Enter MINIX, an operating system developed from the ground up by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a college professor. MINIX was part of a lesson plan used to teach students the inner-workings of an operating system. Tanenbaum had written a book on MINIX called “Operating System” and anyone who had picked up a copy would find the 12,000 lines of code that comprised MINIX itself. This was a big issue; due to the fact that all know (well published) operating systems to that point had been well guarded by software developers, thus making it difficult for people to truly expand on operating system mechanics.
The reason for this rapid adoption is Linux’s unique ability to provide powerful functionality, security, compatibility, customization at a more cost-effective price than proprietary vendors. In its inception, there were many perceived concerns to utilizing Linux in a corporate infrastructure.
Fitzgerald has an amazing talent to create symbols for things that could be overlooked by any reader such as colors. Every color mentioned has a meaning even if it may not seem it. White and green are the main colors mentioned in the novel. White can often be portrayed as wholesome and innocent. However, in this novel white actually represents the false purity or decency in some of these characters. Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker, a friend of Daisy’s, are always seen wearing something white. Daisy and Jordan both seem as if they are sweet and innocent at first, but deep down you see it is only and act and they are truly careless and selfish. Gatsby also wore white on his first meeting with Daisy after five years so that he would appear to be good and pure. The 1920’s also had this way of deception. The fads such as jazz, fashion and art all made the 1920’...
Watson, J. (2008). A history of computer operating systems (pp. 14-17). Ann Arbor, MI: Nimble Books.
Pancreas – The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen. The function of the pancreas in the endocrine system is to produce two hormones called insulin and glucagon. These two hormones maintain balance (homeostasis) in the blood sugar. The insulin produced enables the glucose that is created from the breakdown of carbohydrates to be used in the cells as energy. Glucagon raises the glucose level in the blood.
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is one of those well-written fictions which can drive the readers right into the plot and can make you dissolve into the whole plot. It becomes really difficult to stop going through the whole plot once you have started reading it. It is that strength of words which has been efficiently utilized by the author making this whole book a real adventure for the readers. Once the readers have started the book, it is their utmost desire to finish each and every adventure in the very first go. The way the author has crafted the whole fiction is marvelous and being on top of his trait, one can give a firm assurance about the fact that there would not be anyone out there who reads this fiction and don’t like it.
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past.