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Issues of reliability and validity
Issues associated with reliability and validity
Validity and reliability essay
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Introduction
Screening tools were developed for different reasons like identifying/assessing problems, preventing negative impact, or predicting an outcome. They must be free of bias and distortion that is why their reliability and validity must be assessed. Reliability is when the screening tool yield the same result and validity is the degree of the tool to measure what is intended to measure (Roach, 2006). In this paper, I will discuss about the reliability and validity of two screening tools, “6-Clicks” and gait speed, which I utilize in my practice at an acute care hospital setting.
“6-Clicks”
Acute care hospital-based physical therapists and occupational therapists primary focus is to evaluate patient’s mobility and self-care abilities to determine the need for skilled care, which influences discharge planning (Jette et al., 2014a). An adequate discharge planning improves the efficiency of care and reduces costs by transitioning patients, in a timely manner, to the next appropriate level of care (Jette et al., 2014a). According to Jette et al. (2014a), to reduce delays in discharge from the expensive
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A number of poor health outcomes including hospitalization, falls, nursing home placement, mobility disability and mortality are associated with a declined gait speed (Graham, Ostic, Fisher, & Ottenbacher, 2008). There is considerable variation in gait speed testing procedures including pace, protocol and distance however, all versions of these short, distance-based walk tests have high (>0.90) test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities (Graham et al., 2008). Kim, Park, Lee, and Lee (2016) reported that the validity of gait speed with normal pace was higher compared with maximal pace against physical function. Lower extremity function is reflected in short, distance-based assessments while longer, time-based walks (e.g. the 6-minute walk) are measures of fitness rather than functional performance (Graham et al.,
There is limited data on predictors of discharge and readmission for hospital inpatients. According to Rothman, Rothman, & (), “Unplanned hospital admissions are a major quality and cost issue in the US healthcare system”. About 20% of Medicare patients are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days, at an estimated cost of $17 billion per year (). Now that Medicare has begun to reduce payment to hospitals with high readmission rates, hospitals are looking for more effective ways of reducing readmissions. In order to develop new systems to address these concerns, there must be evidence in place to support to their use.
There are six set standards of the nursing practice; assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation (ANA, 2010; pp. 9-10). Throughout a typical shift on the unit I work for, I have set tasks I am expected to complete in order to progress the patient’s care, and to keep the patient safe. I begin my shift by completing my initial assessment on my patient. During this time, I am getting to know my patient and assessing if there are any new issues that need my immediate intervention. From here, I am able to discuss appropriate goals for the day with my patient. This may come in the form of increasing mobility by walking around the unit, decreasing pain, or simply taking a bath. Next, I plan when and how these tasks will be able to be done, and coordinate care with the appropriate members of the team; such as, nursing assistants and physical therapists. Evaluating the patient after any intervention assists in discovering what works and what does not for the individual. “The nursing process in practice is not linear as often conceptualized, with a feedback loop from evaluation to assessment. Rather, it relies heavily on the bi-directional feedback loop...
Physical therapist help treat patients who have an injury or illness that prevents them from moving around to their full potential. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that “Physical therapists provide care to people of all ages who have functional problems resulting from back and neck injuries; sprains, strains, and fractures; arthritis; amputations; neurological disorders, such as stroke or cerebral palsy; injuries related to work and sports; and other conditions.” (Physical
People who have been in accidents or having disabling conditions turn to physical therapists, commonly called PT’s, for help. Physical therapists are professional health care providers who are licensed in each and every state they practice. Physical therapy has a long history of returning people to their maximum level of physical function. Physical therapists use a variety of techniques to restore a function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent physical disabilities in their patients. However, being a physical therapist also has many downfalls such as dealing with patient’s insurance, motivating patients, and dealing with criticism in the workplace.
During workdays, physical therapists meet with their patients and discuss their goals. To achieve them, the physical therapists work with the patients and create plans that map out routines of exercise and stretches. Every time a patient returns to the office, the physical therapists examine and observe how they are progressing and determine how to help them even more (O*NET Online). They then begin to modify the old plans and find better ways for the patient to make a full recovery (O*NET Online). They also converse with the patient and their families to inform them of how to make the recovery go smoothly and quickly. The outcome of this treatment is that people who were injured or ill would recuperate and uphold a healthy life. Physical therapists use their knowledge of human biology to know how to challenge the patients with precaution and achieve a successful recovery (America’s Top 300 Jobs: A Complete Career Handbook). The physical therapists have to work with the patient to understand each other and their ideas. Also, physical therapists tend to talk with other physicians, occupational therapists, nurses, social workers, and physical therapists to find the best path to being healthy (Ameri...
Throwing back a few years ago when I first decided to be an observer in a rehabilitation setting, I thought that physical therapy was nothing but magical which could change a disabled person who was unable to walk normally to a healthy walking person after a period of therapy. I used to believe that physical therapy can cure mostly all type of injuries and ailments. However, later on, I realized that it does not work that way. Remembering in a particular case, there is a patient who suffered the hemorrhagic stroke; she had to use the wheelchair all the time, her right hand is completely numb and she is not able to talk normally. After several months of arduous exercises with assisting of 2 physical therapists, she showed just a little of improvement in mobility and functioning. That patient could move in longer range compared to the first month, yet she was not able to bear weight without assistance. That case was significantly influenced my vision in this field. As a physical therapy student, the realistic expectation is critical. That student must be knowledgeable about what they can and can’t do and the limitation of this practice. Furthermore, another aspect of reality is understanding the own strength and weakness in a context of being a PT student. Being so overestimated about own abilities is a major
Dind, A., Short, A., Ekholm, J., & Holdgate, A. (2011). The inaccuracy of automatic devices taking postural measurements in the emergency department. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 17, 525-533. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2011.01958.x
Physical therapy is one of the fastest successful occupations growing in the Unites States of America. It is unlike any other occupation in the medical field. Physical therapists care for patients of all ages who have functional problems and disorders. They work to increase a patient’s mobility, prevent further injury, and stabilize the progress of a patients’ health and wellness. The occupation of physical therapy is a very crucial and highly demanded job and will continue to expand in the future.
Quality measures can provide the information to guide the nursing facilities to improve their quality and help the patients’ family to make better decision of choosing a satisfying nursing home for the patient. Risk factors can be identified by monitoring the quality measures. Evidence-based suggestions would help reducing the incidence of falls.
Prepare for upcoming therapy sessions by organizing the treatment locations based on the patient’s needs. These patients have so many different needs that each one must have there own individual time treatments, exercises, and this list just goes on and on. These people have to clean each individual rooms after therapy. They watch the patient’s development during therapy sessions and make notes on how the patient is responding. Therapists and physical therapy assistants use these notes and reports to evaluate the usefulness and helpfulness of specific treatments for patients. This helps the therapists to determine if the treatment is working or if it's not working. If the treatment is unsuccessful they evaluate the patients and test them again because the body is so complex no one can definitely tell what is exactly wrong with them. Help patients move from one area of therapy to another – aides should have physical strength because they may have to move several immobile patients each day. Aides are there to help patients walk, push them in wheelchairs, or assist in sitting and standing. They are even sometimes responsible for helping to pick them up and move them to another location. Without these aides, the therapist job would become increasingly harder and more difficult. The therapist must have the following skills to become successful: Compassion, Attention to Detail, Dexterity, People
Physical therapy is a type of treatment that individuals might need when health problems make it difficult to move around and do daily needs.
As a physical therapist assistant or “PTA” you must work as part of a team that to provide physical therapy services to patients in need under the supervision of a physical therapist. You will work with doctors, nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers (Bureau of Labor Statistics). The most important part of the team is, of course, the patient. Without the patient a healthcare provider has no job. A patient can become injured and lose mobility in many ways and some conditions are harder to treat than others and take more time. For example, an injury to the back, which is a common source for pain and immobility, responds very well to physical therapy and is easier to treat. For conditions such as a stroke, the patient may need to r...
With the elderly population growing from 45 million to 65 million in the next year according to Jennifer Ortman. “Between 2012 and 2050, the U.S. population is projected to grow from 314 million in 2012 to 400 million in 2050, an increase of 27 percent” (Ortman). Clearly, this many people will need to be kept healthy and happy. One way to ensure this is to make sure that every nursing home institutes physical therapy and movement. This will greatly improve the residents of the futures mental and physical health and keep them strong to prevent future
According to APTA’s Provision of Physical Therapy Interventions and Related Tasks, 4 Physical therapy aides are any support personnel who perform designated tasks related to the operation of the physical therapy service. The tasks only be performed by the aide under direct personal supervision of the physical therapist, or where allowab...
Physical therapy is a fun and exciting healthcare profession that helps people. It is all about helping other people who have problems with their body, muscles, joints and other parts of their body. Patients includes accident victims and individuals with disabling conditions such as low back pain, arthritis, heart disease, fractures, head injuries, and cerebral palsy. Physical therapy will perform an evaluation of your problem or difficulty. They evaluate your problem by performing tests and measures to assess the problem. These tests includes muscle strength, joint motion, sensory and neurological, coordination, balance, observation, palpation, flexibility, postural screening, movement analysis, and special tests are designed for a particular problem. Next, they develop a treatment plan and goals and then manage the appropriate treatment to aid in recovery of a problem or dysfunction. Physical therapists are able to treat their patients by using many different treatments depending on the type of injury. Some of the treatments are electrical stimulation, hot and cold packs, infrared and ultrasound to reduce swelling or relieve pain. These treatments are used to help decrease pain and increase movement and function. Therapeutic exercises instructions will help restore strength, movement, balance, or skill as a guide towards full functional recovery. Physical therapy provides "hands on techniques" like massage or joint mobilizations skills to restore joint motion or increase soft tissue flexibility. They will focus on basic skills such as getting out of bed, walking safely with crutches or a walker, moving specific joints and muscles of the body. Physical therapists treatment includes patient education to teach them how to deal with a current problem and how to prevent the problem in the future. Such documentation is used to track the patient's progress, and identify areas requiring more or less attention. They encourage patients to use their own muscles. Their main goal is to improve how an individual functions at work and home.