The chitosan nanoparticles used widely as a drug delivery systems last few years. In the present study the Echis carinataus snake venom loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate and chitosan.. The nanoparticles physicochemical characteristics , stability and biological activity of encapsulated venom were studied . The particles were spherical in shape and the tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP were linked to the ammonium groups of chitosan. Optimum particle size of chitosan and venom loaded nanoparticles were 89 and 116 nm, respectively. Optimum loading capacity and loading efficiency obtained by 500 µg/ml concentration of venom . The biological activity of venom remained intact during nanparticulation and showed no considerable reduction in stability analysis. Our results suggested that Chitosan nanoparticles, which prepared in this work possibly, could be used as an alternative for traditional adjuvants.
Keywords: chitosan nanoparticles, tripolyphosphate, venom, ionic gelation, stability .
The chitosan nanoparticles due to biocompat...
Pinto Reis C., Neufeld RJ., Ribeiro AJ., & Veiga F., 2006. Nanoencapsulation I. Method for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2, 9-21
...om aggregation and floating behavior of drug particles during dissolution. All proliposomal powders showed 67.5 to 91.2% drug release with following order KPL3>KPL5>KPL0>KPL4>Pure drug within 5 min which indicated improved dissolution of drug in the form of proliposomes. The improved dissolution of ketoprofen in proliposomal formulation may be due to the hydrophilic nature of pearlitol which facilitate the quick hydration of proliposomes to transform into liposomes, enhanced solubility of poorly water soluble drug by amphiphilic HSPC or altered physical state of drug entrapped in the bilayers from crystalline to amorphous state and it may be also due to increased effective surface area and wetting characteristic of unentrapped drug upon contact with dissolution medium as fine dispersion which was adsorbed over the porous water soluble carrier i.e. pearlitol SD 200.
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Memories of World War II play a very important role in the world today, especially in East Asia. These memories are not simple but complicated factors that created many of the controversial issues that exist today. Two of the main issues that revolve around East Asia are the Nanjing Massacre and the comfort women issue. People have debated over the truth of the Nanjing Massacre and the comfort women issue, and people on different sides have not come to an agreement on the historical facts. Daqing Yang’s “The Malleable and the Contested, Joshua Fogel’s “Nanjing Atrocity and Chinese Historical Memory ” discusses the issues in detail, and Chungmoo Choi’s “The Politics of War Memories toward Healing”.
Regardless of chitosan's miraculous overview, it is a very simple substance which has been around for ages. It is taken from chitin, a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans. It is processed by removing the shells from shellfish such as shrimp, lobster, and crabs. The shells are then ground into a pulverous powder. This powder is then deacetylated, or basically stripped of specific chemical groups which allows the compound to thus actively "soak up fats." Or so this is what the producers claim. It has been used in the past in the process of detoxifying water. It was simply spread over the surface of water, where it would immediately absorb any toxic substances such as greases, oils, or dangerous heavy metals. The process is so complete that a scum forms over the surface of water and is then easily removed. For this reason, chitosan is extremely popular all over the world in water purification plants. The present form of chitosan has just been introduced recently as a
[25] Jong WH, Borm PJ. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3: 133–149.
The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to its geographical location, Ancient Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of riches, providing the main mode of transportation for trade and travel. This paper will examine Ancient Egypt’s relation with the Nile River and the trade and commerce that secured it as one of the greatest nations in history (Baines, 2002).
The term nanocarriers includes a wide range of different nanosized drug delivery systems. The oldest and at the same time the most clinically established nanocarriers are liposomes, spheres composed of an aqueous core surrounded by one or more concentric lipid bilayers. They are suited for the encapsulation of both hydrophillic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively in the aqueous core and whitin the lipid membrane (Hafner e.a. 2014). Liposomes increase thus the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, they enable trapping of drug molecules with a high potency, they reduce systemic side effects and toxicity and they attenuate drug clearance (Riehemann e.a. 2009)
Zhu W, Guo C, Yu A, Gao Y, Cao F, Zhai Z (2009) Microemulsion-based hydrogel formulation of penciclovir for topical delivery. Int J Pharm 378: 152-58.
Accardo A, Aloj L, Aurilio M, Morelli G, Tesauro D. Receptor binding peptides for target-selective delivery of nanoparticles encapsulated drugs. International journal of nanomedicine. 2014;9:1537-57. PubMed PMID: 24741304. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3970945. Epub 2014/04/18. eng.
In case of MLX-NLC gel, no significant (p>0.05) change of particle size, PI, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency was observed at 4±2°C over the period of 90 days (Table 3). An increasing trend of particle size and PI, decreasing trend of zeta potential and drug entrapment efficiency were observed with storage time at 25±2°C/60%±5% RH and 40±2°C/75±5% RH. The augmentation of particle size and polydispersity index, and diminution of zeta potential and drug entrapmen...
Demineralization (DM), deproteinization (DP), decoloration and deacetyation are the basic steps of producing chitosan; this process is costly, thus limiting wider applications of chitosan. Simplification of chitosan production by elimination of the DM or DP step, or reduction of reaction time required for DM and DP (No et al., 2003) would considerably reduce production cost due to reduction in chemical usage, process time, and voluminous wastewater discharge. However, chitosan can be prepared in simple method for some uses, such as coating of eggs. Because that does not require a pure chitosan (No et al., 2005). There are two types of chitosan such as α-chitosan and β- chitosan based on origin (Kim et al., 2007). Chitosan is not dissolved in water or organic solvents, but it soluble in diluted organic acids such as acetic acid, lactic acid and forms viscous solutions (Kim et al., 2006; Chen and Zhao, 2012). Sealing characteristics can be vary with molecular weight of chitosan (Bhale et al., 2003) and solvent type (Kim et al.,
Properties of nanoparticles can impact the environment in a negative way. The surface effects of nanoparticles are both favourable and unfavourable. When they are exposed to tissues or cell of the body they get adsorbed on to their surface, thus they are highly used in medicine field for drug delivery use (Nowack & Bucheli, 2007). By crossing cell membrane or entering the blood stream, the nanoparticles may target other organs. Other important property is high solubility which is advantageous and reduces its toxicity but there are certain nanoparticles which do not dissolve that readily or degrade...
Drug delivery: Drug delivery is very important phenomenon regarding humans as well as animals. Bionanotechnology is helping in exact targeting and efficient drug delivery system synthesis. Top down approach is helping in formulation of drugs that have efficient drug uptake e.g nanocrystals against HIV protease inhibitors.
The particle size distribution of the solid particles in nanosuspensions is usually less than one micron with an average particle size ranging between 200 and 600 nm . Nanosuspension is efficient for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs , which is applied to poorly soluble drugs that are insoluble in both oils and water . Furthermore , homogenization and wet milling are the methods for the preparation of nanosuspensions .Other technique involves the spraying of a drug solution in a volatile organic solvent into a heated aqueous solution. The nanosuspension approach has been employed for drugs including tarazepide, atovaquone, amphotericin B, paclitaxel and bupravaquone. Basically , lyophilisation or spray drying can be implemented to dry the nanosuspensions