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Change in education since 1944
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The 1946 New Towns Act” was passed to establish the construction of new towns and homes. This gave the government priority over areas of land. Parliament made it a priority to restrict growth of large cities into countryside areas. “The Town and Country Planning Act of 1947” was brought into to play. This gave local councils powers of planning permission. On top of this every area of the country was to have a “development plan” showing how areas across the united kingdom would be preserved and or developed.
N/A. (N/A). New towns. Available: http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/newtowns/. Last accessed 5th march 2018.
The first priority of the government at the time was to deal with the
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(1994). Celebrating The Act. Available: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1YsnAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=harold+dent+education+act&source=bl&ots=q7CEXj3HTY&sig=Gu0WCMog6wSDUdqipJbasdwWUr4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI35T_id7ZAhUIlCwKHTbYDk0Q. Last accessed 2nd march 2018.
The Making of the 1944 Education act and its relation to Scotland
Another result of the welfare state was “The 1944 Education Act” Poor education which can be identified as “ignorance” in the five giants, Poor education was seen as a cause of poverty in post war Britain. Children from working class back grounds at the age of 14 often left school.It was viewed this set them up for issues and struggles later in life.. Whereas at this time in the United Kingdom the middle classes were much more likely to go to university and they filled them. Up until 1944 children were being educated in classes of up to fifty. Pupils were able to progress in education with a scholarship to grammar schools who ever most did not. Under this act school had a responsibility to ensure equality for
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(1994). The Five Giants - Ignorance. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/intermediate2/history/cradle_to_the_grave/welfare_state/revision/8/. Last accessed 2nd march 2018.
This act was passed party due to Winston Churchills coalition government having a strong focus to fulfil employment especially between 1940 and 1945. The 1944 Education act and its counter part “Education (Scotland) act 1945” brought about plans for a post school education from a local level which would release students from the workforce.
The 1944 act and its principles were agreed upon as a whole by most parties across the United kingdom and was taken through parliament by R.A Butler the education minister at the time with the “Education (Scotland) act 1945 latyer following this. The act required Local Education Authorities (LEAS) to submit a proposal to the newly formed Department of Education to prioritise secondary schooling in there area. the three main types of schools LEAS aimed to establish were grammar schools, technical and secondary modern. Children would be allocated a school based on examinations at the age of 11. The purpose of this was to promote equal opportunity for children of all backgrounds. At this time the school leaving age was raised to 15 then later in 1972 to 16 years of
The Scottish Government (2004) A Curriculum for Excellence: The Curriculum Review Group. [Online] Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: www.scotland.gov.uk (Accessed 27 April 2011)
One of the first pieces of education-related legislation goes back as far as 1870, when Free State education was introduced. Although school attendance wasn’t compulsory, it did offer children from less privileged backgrounds the opportunity to attend school for free. This is clearly an education policy reducing social class inequality, as it is allowing those having no money being allowed to attend school without having to pay.
The essay will commence by focusing on the1944 Education Act, as it was "the most important piece of educational legislation since 1902" (Gosden, 1983:3). There was a great need for this Act, because the Second World War caused considerable disruption to the educational system. As Dunford and Sharp point out, "evacuation, staff shortages and suspension of building programmes all created their own problems. War also brought important changes in social attitudes, and [...] there was a determination for a better future" (Dunford and Sharp, 1990:17). Therefore there was a need to remodel the current education system "in order to ensure that every child would go to a secondary school" (Gosden, 1983:1). Planning for reconstruction of education culminated in the Education Act of 1944, which is also known as the Butler Act.
Surrey: Avebury. Timmins, N. (1996) 2nd Ed. The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State. Glasgow: Fontana Press.
Alcock, P. Erskine, A. and May, M (1998) The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance.
Thomas, S. (2004). Reconfiguring the Public Sphere: Implications for Analyses of Educational Policy. British Journal of Educational Studies, 52(3), 228-248.
White, J. (1982). The aims of education restated (pp. 121-2). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Richard Austin Butler (known as RA Butler), took a piece of legislation through to parliament, Butler accepted the green paper proposals which led to the 1944 Education Act. This act can be classed as a key feature of the classic welfare state as it introduced the tripartite system of secondary education and also made all schooling free for pupils, the new system based on the eleven plus exam helped many able working class children get into higher education, providing them with opportunities that had not been available to them earlier on. The act also renamed the board of education to the ministry of education, giving it greater power and an increase in budget, increasing the amount that could be spent on education; moreover it offered community college, thus providing education for both children and adults. By 1947 over 5.5 million children were in maintained schools, by 1967 it increased to 9.1million and the number of teachers had doubled, in spite of all of this the numbers were still very low and the school leaving age wasn’t increased to 16 until 1972. In my view this shows that the new education act was effective as it provided
The theory was that "bad" schools would lose pupils to the "good" schools and either have to improve, reduce in capacity or close. The National Curriculum was introduced, which made it compulsory for schools to teach certain subjects and syllabuses. Previously the choice of subjects had been up to the school. (Derek Gillard,
Furthermore, implementation of the New Towns Act 1946 and the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 give birth to new communities throughout Britain (Bochel & Daly, 2014).
Under the 1944 Education Act children with special educational needs were defined in medical terms and categorised according to their disabilities. Many of those children were considered as ‘uneducable’ and were labelled as ‘maladjusted’ or ‘educationally sub-normal’, and they were given ‘special educational treatment’ in special schools or institutions. In these special schools (institutions) the rights of the children were not considered, as children were socially alienated from family and the society from where they lived. Though the grouping of children with similar disabilities looked positive in the past, such children were deprived their right to association with their peer...
Planning is an approach towards the problem solving rationally. It can be taken as a remedial tool for creating change in the current situation in a systematic and efficient way. A problem in the planning profession will be The solution found by planners to varied situations in practice is very dependent on the certain criteria like social, economic, environmental, and political. The evaluation of a solution on these criteria defines the success of a solution. The new definition of the planning problems was given by Rittle and Webber in their path breaking article (Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning).
Whitty, G. (2001) Education, social class and social Exclusion. Journal of Education Policy, 16(4) pp 287-295.
O’Sullivan’s (2006) argues that the Employability Paradigm which emerged in the 1970’s served to distinguish a group of students who were not achieving the standard needed to guarantee employment. Employability is the assessment of those with the lowest chance of success in an economically motivated nation. It posits that intervention is necessary to prevent those individuals who have failed within the system from being dependent on social welfare and subsequently from being socially excluded (O’Sullivan 2006). In the early 1970’s, Ireland’s entry into the European economy and the changing employment market combined to connect education attainment to employability. As a result, educational credentials became the accepted way of assessing ability and this served to focus attention on those leaving school early with little or no qualifications. O’Sullivan argues that while the policy of the state, on the surface, seemed to support equal opportunity with the provision of free access to secondary education, the reality for most working class students was far from equitable. There were limited interventions available for those who needed help to develop the skills needed to benefit from access to secondary education and these students became disenfranchised. The disc...