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Positivist theory vs constructionist theory
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Research Methods PSYCG 1514
Assignment 1
1. Name and briefly describe (2-3 sentences each) the four worldviews discussed in Chapter 1 of the Creswell text. Describe which one (or combination) most closely aligns with your own worldview and why. How does one’s cultural worldview impact the research process?
The postpositivist worldview reflects more of a quantitative approach than a qualitative approach to research and challenges the traditional idea of absolute knowledge by recognizing that what is observed is human behavior. Postpositivists philosophies are deterministic (cause determines effect), reductionistic (reduces ideas into a small, discrete set to test), carefully observed and measurable, and need testing to be verified.
The constructivists worldview is typically an approach to qualitative research. Constructivists philosophies include understanding (seek understanding or meaning of subjective events
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The researcher should be cognizant of the setting and minimize intrusion on the participants by impacting the research site as little as possible.
Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence. If the researcher does not respect the site, environment and culture, then the researcher would run the risk of negatively affecting humans and nonhumans in that area.
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility. Part of fidelity and responsibility is establishing a trustful relationship with those whom the psychologist is working with or studying. If the psychologist disrupts the site and disrupts the lives of others, that psychologist risks breaking rapport and ruining that therapeutic or scientific relationship.
Principle C: Integrity. The psychologist should not employ deceptive practices to access protected sites. For example, if the research wanted to observe sacred ritualistic burial practices and was denied permission from a governing entity, the psychologist should not trespass just to gather
The Belmont Report identifies three core principles that are to be respected when using human subjects for research. The three ethical principles are: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. In the case of Henrietta Lacks each of these fundamental components are violated. The consent that Henrietta provided was not sufficient for the procedures that were conducted.
All participants should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist. If they had been deceived they must be told and explained why, as well as being told about their role in the experiment. Any questions must be answered honestly and as fully as possible.
First of all, integrity means being honest to the participants, which requires telling the participants everything that will or might happen during the experiment. However, for this experiment, the participants had no clue about what will happen during the experiment except for knowing their role only, which was either a prison guard or a prisoner. Same thing applies to the Professional and scientific responsibility principle, which went against the ethical code as the participants knew their role only, but not any specific information about what might happen during the experiment and how to appropriately behave under certain circumstances. Respecting people’s rights and dignity principal is the one extremely went against the ethical codes. This is the one created all the problems and completely changed the expectation of the experiment. The most important right of any experiment is to protect the participants from any harm, but this experiment couldn’t protect it. As the prison guards were in higher position, they behaved like a real prison guards and did what a typical prison guard does. Nevertheless, prison
...ts the profession to turn some of its attention in this direction. But it does offer a criterion of evaluation of world views, thought and lived. It is a criterion in line with those nineteenth century figures Cantor and Marx: a world view is better than another world view just in case the human population density potential is greater with it than with the other(s).
“Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues” (Chapter 15) is an interesting chapter in the textbook “Abnormal Psychology.” Just like the name of the chapter, it helps understand legal, ethical, and professional issues related to the practice of psychology. This is very important because by offering service a psychologist is responsible for the people that are under his or her care, that even goes for people participating for research. Psychologist have authority to practice in their area of expertise, using methods that are not harmful to their recipients and “ that preferably have a strong scientific basis” and never doing treatments that are unorthodox and will put their patients health and safety in any more jeopardy. This also gives patients
“Constructivism is a new approach in education that claims humans are better able to understand the information they have constructed by themselves. According to constructivist theories, learning is a social advancement that involves language, real world situations, and interaction and collaboration among learners. The learners are considered to be central in the learning process. Learning is affected by our prejudices, experiences, the time in which we live, and both physical and mental maturity.( http://fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/CONSTRUCTIVISM-in-Piaget-and-Vygotsky-Issue 48 / October - December 2004,CONSTRUCTIVISM in Piaget and Vygotsky Ozgur
Positivism Paradigm is considered the “scientific method”; Interpretivist Paradigm approaches understanding using the world of “human experience”. Critical and Transformative researchers "believe that inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda" (Creswell, 2003, p.9). Pragmatism theorists are not committed to any specific system of philosophy or model that use the most relevant theory applicable to their research. Understanding paradigms is essential to preparing for dissertation research. Paradigms provide a framework to write and explain my philosophies, accurately support the data compiled and structure the narrative research. Selecting the paradigm will determine if the research will include qualitative data, quantitative data or a mixed method which will incorporate a blended method approach. Choosing an incorrect approach can lead to research flaws and
American Psychological Association. (2014). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Codes of Conduct. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Knapp, S.J. (Ed.); Gottlieb, M.C. (Ed.); Handelsman, M.M. (Ed.); VandeCreek, L.D. (Ed.). (2012). APA handbook of ethics in psychology, Vol 1: Moral foundations and common themes. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Ethics are a huge part of today’s psychology, and they should be. Without ethics, human research could prove to be very dangerous and damaging to the mind. Psychologists are required to follow 5 general principles of ethics and could lose their license in psychology if they stray from them. This code can lead to very interesting and safe studies conducted by professional psychologists. The 5 principles are beneficence and non-maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity (JEPS Bulletin).
... whom materials are taken. There are a number of issues which are involved in the system of ethical conduction in research.
Positivist Paradigm is when the researcher separates reality from his/her knowledge to create an “objective reality” in which to conduct research. This paradigm focuses on the true truth of reality. Discovers broad patterns of behavior. Primarily uses quantitative data and relies on easily manipulated experimental
...he patients safety and well being. The Ethical Principle of Psychologists and Code of Conduct is required to be practiced by all psychologists because the code provides general principles that assist the psychologists with ethical ideas in the profession of psychology, ethical standards involved in research while conducting researches, assessments that influence the purpose of the studies from the data collections, and practicing therapy in a safe way. The general principle contributes to the Code of Conduct because it guides the psychologist to honorably achieve its goals. Ethics in research, assessments, and therapy grant what the psychologist can and cannot do while practicing psychology. The Code of Conduct sets up a clear guideline of how to achieve the best study of psychology and misunderstanding of the standards are unethical to the department of psychology.
Cultural relativism is a moral theory. Moral theories are designed to help us figure out what actions are right and wrong. In the theory of cultural relativism, the theory holds that there is no universal morality that is recognized amongst all cultures. In an article on this theory, James Rachel’s states several characteristics of cultural relativism, each distinguished as either supporting, or neglecting the theory itself: 1. Different societies have different moral codes; 2. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one societal code better than another; 3. The moral code of our own society has no special status, it is merely one among many; 4. There is no “ universal truth” in ethics; 5. The moral code of a society determines what is right within that society; 6. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge the conduct of other peoples. We should adopt an attitude of tolerance towards practices of other cultures.
I would describe constructivist learning as a process that allows learners to actively engage in the learning of new concepts through hands on activities, class discussions, awareness programs etc which enables them to construct their own understanding and knowledge through experience and reflection. Rather, than passively receiving information from the educator. (Concepts to classrooms, 2004). In a constructivist classroom knowledge is constructed through an active and metal process by the learners; learners build and create their own meanings and knowledge”. Constructivist learning occurs when learners are given opportunities to engage with the subject content