Conclusions and Recommendations
A brief technical review has been undertaken on the existing ERA drainage design manual. This technical review has identified data and technology gaps within the existing manual and made recommendation for further studies and data collection. Following review of runoff and flow estimation techniques currently adopted in Ethiopia, it is recommended that current rainfall runoff and flow estimation analysis techniques are improved using newly available data and technique.
As a result of this review, use of Worksheet calculation forms have been suggested for use by ERA staff and other local and international consultants in preference to traditional manual calculation.
Proposed revisions and additions to the existing ERA Drainage Design Manual – 2002 include:
● Provision of best practice and case studies of drainage infrastructure internally within Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa, Caribbean and US/UK;
● Adding new useful local information, which has become available since the publication of the ERA Drainage Design Manual – 2002 including (hydrological data, land use change, aerial photos, topographical maps etc).
● Addressing identified gaps in information ( policy guidance, climate change, sediment control, outfall design and environmental pollution control criteria, engineer’s responsibility, role and responsibility of Local Roads Authorities, federal and regional government statutory requirements );
● Deleting information which have become obsolete due to change in policy or practice, and replacing it with material in accordance with new requirements(e.g., hydrological, land use and aerial photos etc..);
● Reduce the amount of theoretical material and introduce Worksheet c...
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... as well as facilitating efficient maintenance activities.
A data format should be agreed by stakeholders and drainage designers in order to establish a common data format and reporting procedure (including site plan, topographical and soil Maps, hydrological and hydraulic calculations) to be compatible to the established database system and software.
Staff training in GIS technology, database operation and maintenance and good data documentation practises is essential.
Some of the commercially available GIS software includes:
MapInfo
ArcView
AcrGIS
All those involved in road drainage design (including local and international consultants) in any of the key phases of road infrastructure delivery should use this manual appropriately. A drainage policy guidance document to enforce the design criteria should be prepared.
12 References
Irrigated agriculture represents the bulk of demand for water resources worldwide and accounts for 85% of water withdrawals in the MENA region. This water used for irrigation is water that could be used in other ways, including domestic and manufacturing use. In the MENA region, having such a huge portion of their freshwater withdrawals used in the agriculture process is a main factor causing the very low per capita water quantity of <1000 cubic metres per year. Due to its poverty and less developed economic status, the MENA region lacks efficient agricultural technology which would see a decrease in water wasted in the process and an increase in water leftover for human use, therefore a greater quantity of water available per capita. MENA’s average water use efficiency in irrigation is only 50 to 60 percent, compared to best-practice examples of above 80 percent efficiency under similar climatic conditions in Australia and Southwest USA. Because agriculture is necessary to sustain populations the main solution to decrease both water use and water wastage in this sector is to increase efficiency of irrigation by creating new technologies to replace current inefficient ones, especially in countries with water
Flooding is an ongoing challenge in regional Victoria and it is expected to affect Victoria every 10-20 years. Victoria consists of 39 drainage basins and each of the basins comprises of rivers and streams (Comrie, 2011, pp.17). These rivers and streams are susceptible to flooding, which may impact various regional towns and communities within close proximity to water courses (Comrie, 2011, pp.17). The discussion of flooding is vital, as it is the most frequent occurring natural hazard, which affects approximately 520 million people per year Moore et al.2012, pp.1). Additionally, flooding is responsible for the lives of approximately 25,000 people every year and cost the global economy approximately $50- 60 billion per year (Moore et al.2012,
A river or “stream, ribbons of water confined to channels, or troughs, cut into the land,” (Marshak, 2009) is formed from a drainage network or “the array of interconnecting streams” that form tributaries. (Marshak, 2009). The amount of water that flows down a stream is its discharge. The discharge measurement takes the width and depths or cross sectional area of a river as well as the downstream velocity to get a numeric value for amount of water moving down stream. (Marshak, 2009)
On April 2011, then Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zanawi, announced plans for a new project on the Blue Nile. The new project is the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) with a forecasted pro...
Hillier, A., & Culhane, D. (2013). GIS Applications and Administrative Data to Support Community Change. In M. Weil (Ed.), The Handbook of Community Practice (2nd ed., pp. 827-844). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Retrieved from
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply. In times of harsh weather such as droughts and floods, it provides a fresh supply of clean water as well as in cases of mitigate flooding occurring...
Rapidly growing human population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Urban areas in developing countries are affected by rapid growth of population and poor infrastructure development. Already half of the human population live in cities where the infrastructure is not developed enough to sustain wastewater production. As the population increases so the production of waste water. In addition, climate changes affect the weather patterns, which directly influence a hydrological cycle. As a result one area suffers from rain fall shortage and others from more intense rainfalls.
Schueler, T.R., 1987, “Controlling Urban Runoff: A practical Manual for Planning and Designing Urban BMPs,” Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington, DC
The information system that interests me in this government department is a new established system called eKadaster (eCadastre). eKadaster is a development project initiated by the government of Malaysia but offered for further development to Precision Portal Sdn. Bhd. on 22nd December 2006. The main objective of eKadaster development is to shorten the time usually take to provide the owner with their land titles from previously 2 years to only 2 months. Other than that, the development of eKadaster is to create National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) covering all Peninsular Malaysia. Moreover, the objective of developing eKadaster is to integrate eKadaster and eTanah (eLand) towards faster and efficient integrated spatial inform...
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
Land and land advancement (Location, range, suitability, vicinity to street, site map and so on.)
WMO 2004. Case study: Brazil: Flood Management in Curitiba meteopolitan area. Geneva World Meteological organization. Available from www.apfm.info/pdf/case studies/csbrazil.pdf.
Kenya is one of the most water scarce countries in Africa and the world. Therefore, there are many areas with inadequate access to safe and sufficient water. The WHO estimates that only 12% of rural Kenyans have household water connections (WHO/UNICEF, 2004). During the 1980’s, the Kenyan government acknowledged the importance of local initiatives for the management of water resources in rural areas and for the improvement of water supply (Were et al, 2008). Since then, there have been several different water projects throughout the country.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Practical research: Planning and design Saddle River,
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.