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concussion literature review
concussion in athletes
concussion literature review
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Sport-related concussions are evolving as a major public health concern. Ongoing research suggests these injuries have a much more serious and prolonged impact on overall health than previously believed. According the Centers for Disease Control, a concussion can be defined as “a type of traumatic brain injury, or TBI, caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head” (CDC, 2013).
Crushing and violent hits are seen as part of the game in many sports, and are often glorified by the media in the professional realm. However, many overlook the fact that the vast majority of individuals who play contact sports in this country are under the age of 19 (Buzzini & Guskiewicz, 2006). Research has shown age-related considerations should influence clinical aspects of concussion diagnosis, management, and treatment (Meehan et al, 2011). This paper will focus on the epidemiology of concussions in American high-school athletes.
Epidemiological Data
Every year approximately 1.7 million TBIs are reported, and an estimated 75% of these injuries come from concussions and other forms of mild TBI (CDC, 2013). There is currently limited data present on the incidence of this emerging public health concern, primarily because these figures “vastly underestimate total TBI burden, because many individuals suffering from mild or moderate TBI do not seek medical advice” (Daneshvar et al, 2011). Over the past decade participation in organized sports by children, adolescents, and adults have greatly increased. It is estimated that nearly 44 million children and adolescents participate in athletics. This increase in overall participation is “associated with an increased risk of traumatic brain injury” (Daneshvar et al, 2011).
Data collected by the Electronic Injur...
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...e Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion. Clin Sports Med, 30, 1-17.
Massachusetts Health and Human Services. (2014). Sports Related Concussions and Head Injuries. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/gov/departments/dph/programs/community-health/dvip/injury-prevention/sports-related-concussions-and-head-injuries.html
Meehan, W., d'Hemecourt, P., Collins, C., & Comstock, D. (2011). Assessment and Management of Sport-Related Concussions in United States High School. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(11), 1-14.
Terrell, T., Nobles, T., Rader, B., Bielak, K., Asif, I., Casmus, R., et al. (2014). Sports Concussion Management: Part 1. Southern Medical Journal, 107(2), 115-125.
USA Football. (2013). State Concussion Law. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://usafootball.com/news/featured-articles/see-where-your-state-stands-concussion-law
Following behind motor vehicle crashes, traumatic brain injury in sports is the second leading cause of traumatic brain injuries for people fifth-teen to twenty-four years of age. Immense concerns follows given that American football accounts for the highest incidence of concussions (Rowson and Duma 2130). In addition, th...
Moser, R. S., Schatz, P., & Jordan, B. D. (2005). Prolonged effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery, 57(2), 300-306.
In recent years, there has been an increase in research investigating the long-term effects of repeated head trauma on the brain, especially in athletes. Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Dr. Bennet Omalu inspired a movement of research aimed at establishing better safety standards and protocols in football. It was not until 2002 that the initial connection between repetitive head trauma, such as concussions, and brain injury was suspected (Ott, 2015).
Through sports or through everyday life, concussions tend to happen. An estimated 300 000 sport-related traumatic brain injuries, predominantly concussions, occur annually in the United States. Sports are second only to motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of traumatic brain injury among people aged 15 to 24 years. (U.S National Library of Medicine). Coaches and parents often do not go through the right procedures or protocols when dealing with a teenager who has received a blow to the head. The usual questions that are asked when there is a head injury are, “what day is it, what’s the score, and how many fingers am I holding up?” Now these are not poor questions, but these questions alone cannot determine if a person has suffered a concussion. The correct method, which they are now implementing in most professional sports leagues, is for anyone with a head injury to take a legitimate concussion test performed by the team doctor. (WebbMD) At present the symptoms can be hit or miss. After receiving a concussion, research shows that an “estimated 80 to 90% of concussions heal spontaneously in the first 7 to 10 days”. (Barton Straus) But, it is important to remember not to return until all symptoms are
From the year 2001 to 1005 children aged 5-18 accounted for 2.4 million emergency room visits due to sports related injuries. Of these visits around 6 percent involved a concussion(The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Every athlete that receives a concussion does not necessarily go to the emergency room. Athletic trainers, when available and certified, can oversee the recovery of an athlete without a trip to the emergency room. Some concussions go untreated altogether. While the percentage may seem low, looki...
Vaughn, Christopher, Gerard Gioia and Maegan Sady. “School Problems following Sports Concussion. Which Children Are at Greatest Risk?” British Journal Of Sports Medicine. 47.5 (2012) : 47-51 Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
The number of children below the age of 19 are treated in American emergency rooms for concussions and other traumatic brain injuries increased from 150,000 in 2001 to 250,000 in 2009. That’s not cumulative, that is actually per year. Everyone should know how and when to treat a concussion, no matter if it is for sports or in general. Concussions can come from anything. Concussions can be an easily preventable injury, however due to poor equipment, a competitive mindset, unrecognizable symptoms, and untrained sports physicians, they are becoming quite common and can lead to potentially fatal brain disorders.
Adirim, Terry A. “Concussions in Sports and Recreation.” Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 8.1 (2007): 2-6. Print.
"Incidence of Concussion in High School Football Players of Ohio and Pennsylvania." Journal of Child Neurology. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. .
Confusion on the definition of a concussion can affect athletes, coaches and trainers when it comes to diagnosing a concussion. The knowledge to know the signs and symptoms of a concussion can reduce the short, medium, and long-term consequences of them. Signs of a concussion could be an inability to focus, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, and slurred speech. Concussions have been around for many years. More and more research is being conduction on concussions as the years pass for a better understanding. As a better understanding of concussion is being researched, sports teams should force and make better rules when it comes to hitting players. Athletes that has had a concussion can suffer from short-term symptoms like verbal delay or long-term symptoms like a disability. Helmets are being improved constantly, but the reduction of concussions is not decreasing. Reduction of concussion starts with the player reporting his injury. After reporting the injury, the proper steps can be taken to get rid of symptoms and prevent the likeliness of the injury from happening again. To prevent to the likeliness of the injury to reoccur the athlete must take time away from the sport and spend a certain amount of time recovery. Before returning back to play, the athlete must be check for readiness. Readiness can be checked by testing the athlete’s behavior and abilities. Sports come with pros and cons. The pros can be working with others to complete the same objective while having fun. The con can be simply suffering from a concussion. So an athlete has to be willing and well educated on the sport he or she wants to play before committing to a certain
As a result of many deaths of professional athletes through suicide as well as general concern for health, concussion awareness and testing is as high as it’s ever been. Precautions and tests are currently being set up in almost sports in the attempt to diminish the long term effects. Although the symptoms and exact recovery time are still unknown, doctors and researchers are sure that concussions and other forms of head impacts can have long term effects that can present serious issues throughout the rest of these individual’s lives. The risk of potential damage to the brain increases as the number of concussions increase. In the athletics, players deliver and absorb many hits to the head which a primary reason why rules and regulations at a levels of football, for example, are changing to try and decrease the number of concussions received by players and to make the game safer to those who play it. However these head injuries are not just restricted to athletics, roughly three million Americans have brain injuries every year, half of which are considered serious (Dekosky 2010). Also, many of our nation’s brave men and women suffer traumatic head injuries that take months, even years to fully recover from. Though the exact number of concussions in soldiers can be completely accurate, many army officials believe it to be around eighteen percent (Charles 2008).
Sport related Concussion has become a growing concern in Australia and across the globe in recent years with potential negative health ramifications for athletes in the short and long term. Sports organisations in Australia and around the world have similar and contrasting policies which are implemented to best suit the respective athletes health and wellbeing.
Concussions have always been a problem in sports, and they are only becoming more relevant in sports of all ages today. Suffering a concussion can affect an athlete both short, and long term. There is a lot of research and progress towards the effects and prevention of concussions.Researchers are noticing an increase of concussions in young athletes as well, and are looking for ways of prevention. Even with research progressing on prevention, concussions are still occurring very often in most sports. Concussions are a problem in sports today, but researchers are working on ways to better understand, and prevent them. In order to better understand concussions, it is important to find out how conussions develop, how researchers classify concussions,
The brain is the most important organ in the human body, therefore it needs to be treated with care. In high school sports concussions are a common injury. Even though current concussion protocol is effective, it isn’t always easy for coaches and athletes to identify concussions. Not only that, athletes pretend that nothing is wrong and stay in the game because they don’t understand the possible consequences of doing so. These young athletes and their coaches need to be better informed about concussions and the consequences of not following concussion protocol. If these athletes realize what the risks of ignoring concussions are and if coaches are better educated on identifying concussions, the amount of concussion related deaths in teens would
Athletes all around the world are affected by injuries every single day. One of the most common injuries would be a concussion. No matter how serious the injury could be, the same procedure to diagnose them should all be the same. Players are not being taken care of the way that they deserve to be. Concussions play a disturbing role in our sports communities and need to be analyzed and taken care of as soon as it occurs. Concussions add a dangerous aspect of play to the games that many people enjoy to watch and participate in.