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pornography and violence to women
pornography and violence to women
how pornography impacts violence against women and child sexual abuse
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Introduction
The area that I am interested in is the effects of violent pornography on men. There is a correlation between the amount of pornography consumed and attitudes that support violence against women. There is also an association between the type of pornography consumed (violent or non-violent) and their attitudes that support violence against women. Pornography contributes to the rape culture seen in today’s society. Men who watch more pornography and pornography that depicts non-consensual sexual activities are more likely to have attitudes that support violence and non-consensual sex with women.
In the study “Pornography, Individual Differences in Risk and Men’s Acceptance of Violence Against Women in a Representative Sample,” conducted by Malamuth, N. M., Hald, G., and Koss, M, the association between amount of pornography consumed and attitudes supporting violence against women is supported.
We want to know how type of pornography effects men’s aggression towards women. This experiment attempts to answer this question.
Hypothesis: In the sample, there will be an association between type of pornography used, violent and non-violent, and aggressive attitudes towards women.
Method
Participants:
All participants are students, undergraduate and graduate, at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. The participants consisted of 120 men whose ages ranged from 18 to 69 (M=23±3.14 years). The sample was acquired through advertisements in the university newspaper as well as the subject pool for sexual research at the University of South Carolina in Columbia.
Sampling Procedure:
Before the experiment, all 120 participants will be given informed consent forms that fully go over the experiment’s procedure, goal, as ...
... middle of paper ...
...gressive and 4 of those who were in the HLR moved to the LLR. Those who were exposed to the violent and non-consensual pornographic material were more aggressive and 8 of those who were in the LLR moved to the HLR.
This means that there is an association between violent pornography and aggression. Pornography could be a main contributor to the rape culture that is seen today. Rape culture is when women are blamed for when they are raped or the thought that women enjoy rape. This can add to science because we can be more mindful of the type of pornography that we watch and instill in the public that pornography is purely fictional.
References
Malamuth, N. M., Hald, G., & Koss, M. (2012). Pornography, individual differences in risk and men’s acceptance of violence against women in a representative sample. Sex Roles, 66(7-8), 427-439. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0082-6
Men watch 2 hours of porn average. 34 percent of youth online receive unwanted pornographic exposure. 93 percent of boys are exposed to internet porn. 68 percent of young men use pornography weekly and 21 percent of young men use pornograph daily. Pornography is sex education for most people. Only 22 states require public schools to teach sex education. Porn causes men to get addicted and this causes social isolation. 83 percent of boys have seen group sex online. 33 percent of boys have seen bondage online. 18 percent of boys have seen rape online. Boys have a strong sexual impulse. Exposure to pornography increases sexual aggression by 22 percent and increases the acceptance of rape myths (that women desire sexual violence) by 31 percent. American culture are producing rapists. Every 9 seconds a woman is beaten or assaulted. 35 percent of male college students indicated some likelihood of raping if they knew they could get away with it. 1 in 5 female college students is the victim of an attempted or completed sexual assault. Parents raise boys to become men and to reject feminine. This leads men to disrespecting women because they do not see them as a human. According to Geoffrey Canada, “The music industry presents overtly sexual messages that denigrate women and portray them as sex toys. Video games offer violent messages, and even the sports video games include taunting and teasing. Movies portray
Kaplan, R.M. & Singer, R.D. (1976). TV violence and viewer aggression: A reexamination of the evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 33-70.
An analysis of the relationship between pornography and the American culture reveals that the industry is blamed for dozens of social ills for the men of our society. Those ills also work to damage the women in several irreparable ways. Some of the damages to men include: illegal sexual behavior, illegal non-sexual behavior, callousness, sexual harassment, casual sex, and multiple sexual partners. The problems for the women directly involved in the industry are long term and long lasting, creating overall issues that affect women’s economic and social status. But what are there damages caused by the type of movies most women love, the type of movies they drag their boyfriends and husbands to, the type of movies millions watch unashamedly in public-the romantic comedy?
Kristol’s article writes that pornography and the pornographic industry has always been dominated by men (491). Throughout the history of the United States, men have taken precedence over women in many aspects. Men were considered the workers of the family while women stayed home and acted as housewives or catered to the men. The idea of feminism and women’s equality, however, is growing throughout the nation. With feminism and women’s equality at large, society must progress toward eliminating male domination and allowing the extension for women's opportunities; therefore, pornography and the male-dominated industry should be limited by the government. Aside from men and the power statuses they hold in pornography, Gail Dines in her article “Facts and Figures” discloses information about the male tendencies after watching pornography. Men have been reported to support female rape, have aggressive behavior toward women, have a decreased sex drive toward wives or girlfriends, and desire forced sexual acts after viewing pornography (1). Despite America’s best effort to protect all citizens, in reality, females are typically victims of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and pornography is a cause of such violence. Although it is a key factor that plays a role in causing violence and aggressive behavior toward women, Americans are able to easily access videos or films instantly because of modern technology and the lack of pornography censoring. Because of the tendency to cause abuse in the real world, pornography must be censored in order to ensure that women are granted equal amounts of safety and
Americans have experienced a great increase of violence on TV and in movies throughout the years; unfortunately, violence against women has escalated more. A study conducted by the Parents Television Council in the time span from 2004-2009 concluded that instances of violence against women increased over 120 percent. The study compared the number of instances of violence against women shown on each of the four largest broadcast networks (ABC, NBC, CBS and FOX), during their two sweeps periods of the years 2004 and 2009. The study showed that the networks had a combined 195 instances of violence against women in 2004. The number jumped to 429 in 2009. The network with the highest increase was CBS. In 2004, the council counted 96 acts of violence against women. In 2009, the number skyrocketed to 180. The network with the lowest number of acts of violence against women in both years remained ABC. In 2004, the council counted 26 acts of violence against women on the network. In 2009, the number had only increased by seven to 33 (Parents Television Council 1-2).
Anderson, C.A., & Bushman, B.J. (2002). The effects of media violence on society. Science, 295, 2377-2378
Studies have been conducted to find if violent movies influence a person’s judgement and violent behavior. Psychologists have said that brutal imagery in films, games, and other media sow aggression in society by rendering viewers insensitive to acts of these type. The long term effects of exposure to these movies depicting murder, rape, robberies, and so on is pernicious. Another study concluded that the crime rate would actually decrease during the showings of these movies because for 2 hours during the movie any violence prone persons that wished to see the movie would be in the theater which meant they wouldn’t be on the streets committing crime. Dr. Michael Rich of Children's Hospital of Boston testified that the correlation between violent media and aggressive behavior is stronger than that of calcium intake and bone mass, lead ingestion and lower IQ, condom non-use and sexually acquired HIV, and environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer, all associations that clinicians accept as fact, and on which pr...
In the article; “Desensitization to Media Violence: Links with Habitual Media Violence Exposure, Aggressive Cognitions, and Aggressive Behavior” by Barbara Krahe is about a study that has been conducted to find the links between violent media and showing constant violent media. The hypothesis in this study is according to Krahe (2010) ; “The hypothesis that media violence increases aggressive behavior” (p.630) The hypothesis in this study is that Media violence does increase aggressive behavior. They conduct several studies to prove the hypothesis. The first study was conducted was an online questionnaire. There were 625 participants from the University of Postdam Germany that participated in the online questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was habitual media violence exposure. “Participants were provided with genre lists for movies and electronic games. For each item on the two lists, they were asked to indicate how frequently they used the respective genre on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (very often)… A sample of 21 undergraduate students (5 women an...
According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, "the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stonger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer" (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can leac to violent behavior toward women.
The first topic that was approached in this essay was sexual desire among men, women, gays, and lesbians. The research concluded that men have more sexual desire than women. Men not only have more sexual desire, but they also have more interest in sex, sex fantasies, and spend more money on sexual products like porn and prostitutes. Another subject that was brought up was that in heterosexual relationships the man in the relationship wants to have more sex, but ultimately has to compromise with their female partner. Lesbian relationships has reported that they have sex less often then in gay or heterosexual relationship, which makes sense since women tend to have a lower sex drive.
In a research analysis of Media and Violence, studies show that “Although the typical effect size for exposure to violent media is relatively small ... this ‘small effect’ translates into significant consequences for society as a whole” (“Media and Violence: An Analysis of Current Research”, 2015). This states violent behaviors can come from the smallest variables, or clips from videos, which is why it is important for parents to control what their kids see, read, and watch, and limit the amount of violence exposure.
Pornography can be defined as printed or visual material displaying erotic descriptions or visuals of sexual body parts or sexual activity, and is largely aimed to appeal to a male audience through sexual scenarios which often dehumanize and exploit women and their bodies. Though largely, pornography is is designed to please a masculinized audience, there are some feminists, from multiple genders, who aim to “reclaim their right to enjoy sexual images without violence and negativity” (Klinger). Ideally, pornography would be a context in which there would be a conscious movement towards eliciting a healthy reclamation of sexually charged images from all genders- especially women. Those against pornography usually emphasize the specifics of porn as it occurs in modern culture. Oftentimes anti-pornography feminists point out the extremely male-oriented vision of sexuality, the sexism, and with descriptions such as: “women presented as dehumanized sexual objects, things, or commodities; shown as enjoying humiliation, pain, or sexual assault; tied up, mutilated, or physically hurt; depicted in postures or positions of sexual submission or servility; shown with body parts- including though not limited to vagina, breast, or buttocks- exhibited such that women are reduced to those parts; women penetrated by animals or objects; and women presented in scenarios of degradation, humiliation, or torture, shown as filthy or inferior, bleeding, bruised, or hurt in a context that makes these conditions sexual” (MacKinnon). As the pornography industry is now, it contributes to the ideals of rape culture by fetishizing femininity and female “fragility” and/or “innocence”. This obviously misogynistic practice also creates a reliance on understanding...
... between exposure to pornography and commission of violence, but this research was conducted in 1993 which is now outdated. Another point, which she emphasized, was that a greater availability of sexually explicit material seems to correlate with higher indices of gender equality. But when the sexually explicit material shows the subordination of women or women presented as sexual object who enjoy pain or humiliation, how can they be equal as men when the men are shown as the gender that enjoys subordinating women. (Strossen,550). Feminist author Diana Russell notes in her book Rape and Marriage the correlation between deviant behavior (including abuse) and pornography. She also found that pornography leads men and women to experience conflict, suffering, and sexual dissatisfaction.
Stark, Cynthia A. "Is Pornography An Action: The Causal vs. The Conceptual View of Pornography's Harm" Social Theory and Practice. v.23 p. 277-306, 1997
of violence or tunes into their parents favorite soap opera might find an increasingly amount of exposure to violent acts and sexual content. Children are very vulnerable to such influences and often do not know the difference between right and wrong and the difference between reality and fantasy (Dritz, Russel 1996). As the years go on and television seems to be too censored to most, studies have continued to prove the increasing numbers of children associated with violence and sexual behavior. Although a seemingly older statistic, the Neilson Index averaged American children to watch 18,000 television murders before he or she graduated from high school (Tucker, Larry A. 1988). Could this be a reason for an increasing amount of murders and violent acts among children today?