The first American use of road salt was in New Hampshire in 1938. By 1942, 5,000 tons of salt was used nationwide (Kelly, et.al.). Today, it is estimated that 15,000,000 tons of salt are used on roads in the winter; a 300,000-percent increase (Kelly, et.al.). Road salt is leaving a detrimental effect on the environment and discontinuation is vital to keeping plants, animals, and humans safe and healthy. Road salt is a key component to staying safe in the winter, but it is not safe for the environment. Scientists are looking for alternatives to road salt that are both more effective and safer for the environment.
Road salt comes into contact with the natural environment by means of snow and ice melting into water. The salt then runs, with the water, into lakes and streams, habitats and sources of water for both plants and animals. As cars drive along roads and highways, the revolving wheels spray salt on plants. Plants that are sensitive to large quantities of sodium, or salt, can experience potassium deficiency, stunted growth, phosphorus deficiency, toxic amounts of chloride, and premature leaf drop (Gould). Aquatic plants that are sensitive to high levels of salt are likely to die because the salt absorbs the water, causing plant cells to shrivel and die (Gould). When amphibians and other semi-aquatic freshwater organisms swim in salty water they too shrivel up and die, similar to a slug covered in salt (Siegel). The salt running into bodies of water is disrupting the food chain and killing thousands of organisms every day.
Sodium chloride is the effective ingredient in both table salt and road salt (Rastogi). The only difference is that road salt is unfiltered and unpurified. This means that they have equivalent effects on yo...
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.... Cary Institute of Ecosystem System, 2014. Web. 27 Feb 2014.
"Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Salt." New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. State of New Hampshire, 2014. Web. 4 Mar 2014.
"Management Practices." University of Michigan. Regents of the University of Michigan, 2010. Web. 4 Mar 2014.
Rastogi, Nina. "Salting the Earth." Slate. The Slate Group, 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2014.
Siegel, Lori. "Hazard Identification for Human and Ecological Effects of Sodium Chloride Road Salt." Rebuilding I-93. New Hampshire Department of Transportation, 2004. Web. 4 Mar 2014.
Strohl, Daniel. "How exactly does road salt cause cars to rust?." Hemmings Daily. American City Business Journals, 2012. Web. 3 Mar 2014.
Wenta, Rick, and Kirsti Sorsa. "Road Salt Report - 2012." Public Health: Madison & Dane County. City of Madison, 2014. Web. 2 Mar 2014.
Will the constant increased proportions of salt and sugar affect the yeast performance in bread rising and affect the cumulative CO2 production?
For example, when the labors take oil from the ocean or sea, the oil may leak from the pipes and it will mingle with water. That time the living things in the sea are destroyed by the polluted water. So many fishes and sea organism may
Journal of Public Health. Vol. 70, No. 4, Apr. 1980, pp. 348-351. EBSCOhost. 2017 October 25.
This year, has been very different from the normal. The high temperatures are in the low teens accompanied with sleet and ice. To say that we are unaccustomed to this weather is an understatement. We do not know how to prepare for it. We panic and head to the store to buy anything we can, even if it is something silly like eighty cans of Spam. Our road crews seem unprepared and don’t know exactly how to handle the situation. The crews that are in charge of maintaining a safe road way can make things worse, if they do not diligently do their jobs.
... William Keck. "Environmental Health in Public Health." Principles of public health practice. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 1997. 584-588. Print.
Sodium is, “ important in maintain fluid balance and allowing nerve impulses to travel throughout our bodies, signaling the activities that are essential for life.”(p. 269) Since sodium governs fluid retention it is crucial that is not over consumed. Too much sodium increases fluid retention and the increase fluid volume in the body increase blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension is a serious condition because it can lead to heart attack, heart failure, and kidney failure. It is vital that people prone to hypertension through genetics or environment maintain a low sodium diet. A DASH diet should be followed and try to stay away from processed food. Conversely insufficient amount of sodium lead to altered mental status, muscle cramps, and loss of appetite. (p.277) Salt alternative such as lemon or lime juice, basil, or garlic may be used as a flavor replacement. Ways to increase electrolyte intake can be done by electrolyte enhanced juices like
To determine sodium chlorides enthalpy of solution, samples of sodium chloride were dissolved in water as the temperature of the solution was monitored with a temperature probe. 1.0 grams of sodium chloride was weighed out on an analytical scale and set aside. Using a 100 mL beaker, 50 mL of deionized water was measured out. The 50 mL of deionized water was then transferred to a calorimeter. The calorimeter consisted of one Styrofoam cup in the other, capped with a thick piece of Styrofoam. A Vernier temperature probe was attached to the computer with GoLink! interface. The computer software used to interpret and monitor the temperature readings was LoggerPro. LoggerPro was set to collect a temperature reading from the calorimeter every 3 seconds. The initial temperature of the deionized water in the calorimeter and recorded. The 1.0 grams of sodium chloride was then added to the 50 mL of deionized water, the calorimeter cap was placed quickly, and the temperature probe inserted through a small hole in the cap. The temperature was monitored until steady as the solution was stirred with the temperature probe. This procedure was replicated twice more for a total of three trials. Following these experiments, the procedure was replicated again with the exception of using 2.0 and 3.0 grams of sodium chloride instead of 1.0 grams described
There is a serious problem with our nation's roads and highways. I find myself repeatedly avoiding trips to the city for this very reason, as I'm sure many others do as well. This nerve-wracking congestion is even beginning to find its way into the suburbs and surrounding areas of large cities. It is a serious problem that affects everyone who owns an automobile, as well as, businesses that are dependent on reliable and convenient transportation. To top it all off, this problem is getting worse every year. The population of this nation is growing, which translates to an increase in cars on the road. More people are moving to cities and the suburbs that surround them, creating gridlocks everywhere.
Use of pesticides & other fertilizers infuse nitrogen oxide into the water bodies acidifying the water which kills the plants and aquatic animals living in
Common salt is another word for table salt. Table salt was researched to have the most of sodium chloride and actually has ninety-nine point nine percent (“Natural sea salt - will not cause high blood pressure”, n.d.). The researcher thinks it will increase the boiling point in water the most because it has the highest amount of sodium chloride present. Common salt is said to be the most used matter in the chemical world. Salt is translucent and can create electricity if melted. It is also known to melt ice or snow because it can be added to water to create a mixture that has a lower freezing point than purified water (Aasen, et Al 1999).
In another case study relating to amphibians, scientists exposed species tolerant Bufo americanus (American toad) and the not tolerant Rana sylvatica (wood frog) to pond sediments in laboratory microcosms. Microcosms are experimental ecosystems created to simulate and predict the behavior of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. The ecosystems had elevated sediment metal levels and chloride water concentrations. The reason for this experiment was to look at issues in rapidly urbanizing areas and the potential impact of stormwater runoff to natural bodies of water. Roof tops, roads, and parking lots are just a few examples of the typical urban and suburban areas that collect a wide range of pollutants such as metals, salts, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Councell et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2001; Marsalek, 2003; Pitt et al., 1995; Van Metre and Mahler, 2003). The stormwater ponds are a common feature in stormwater management plans, and are designed to detain (detention ponds) or retain (retention ponds) stormwater runoff, allowing pollutants like metals, sediments, and nutrients to be removed from the runoff and reducing the impact of flooding on natural bodies of water (Novotny, 1995; US Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Since stormwater ponds often have plants and vegetation, they are important in that they often provide habitat for
PROPER IRRIGATIION CAN PREVENT SALT FROM BUILDING UP BECAUSE THE WATER CAN DRAIN THE SALTS AND SPREAD IT OUT SO THAT THE SALTS AREN’T CONCENTRATED IN ONE AREA!!!
Transportation is a big issue with pollution. Vehicles create smog, catalysts for ozone, and components for acid rain. Smog contains a chemical called ozone. Ozone can seriously affect a human’s health. It reacts with the molecules in the lining of our airways. This then causes inflammation. Acid rain has many ecological effects, but none is as bad as its impact on lakes, streams, wetlands and other bodies of water. Acid rain makes waters acidic, which causes them to absorb the aluminium that goes from soil into water. When bodies of water become more acidic, the numbers and species of fish and other organisms living in the water begin to decrease. There are many examples of water pollution. Raw sewage running into water, industrial waste spills, and exhaust fumes from vehicles. A big problem with raw sewage is that Bacteria use up oxygen in the water, as they decompose the organic material in the water. The lack of oxygen kills animals and other organisms that live in the water. Many harmful chemicals are in industrial waste. These can become drinking water pollutants if not well managed. Car exhaust creates a wide range of gases and solid matter. This causes global warming, acid rain, and it harms the environment and human health. Engine noise and oil spills also cause pollution. Since most oils float, the marine creatures most affected by oil spills are animals like sea otters, and seabirds that are found on the shore or in
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Community Health Resources. Retrieved March 4, 2011, from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DACH_CHAPS/Default/LinksHealthTopic.aspx?topic=4#7
And acid rain, which is created when water in the atmosphere mixes with chemicals, ravage through rain forests and can even kill fish.