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causes and effects of stereotypes
stereotypes and its effects
how stereotypes affect society
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There have been many studies done on task performance that have indicated that many factors can affect task performance. In this study, we are going to focus on how self-esteem and stereotype threat affect task performance. This topic is very important to study because it will help us understand about how our performance is affected by self-esteem and stereotype threat. At some point in our lives our performance is been measured, in daily activities as job, school and in sport. When one measures task performance, people should be aware if other thing affects their performance. There is not a lot of information about self-esteem and task performance. However, there is a possibility that self-esteem and performance are related but there is a big gap in the literature. Not a lot of studies have been done where self-esteem affect task performance. Many studies support the notion that self-esteem affects the way people construe their actions. Individuals with greater levels of self-esteem build on personal strengths to succeed. On the other hand, individuals with low self-esteem focus on their flaws in order to be accepted.
There have been many studies conducted about stereotype threat. Does stereotype threat affect task performance? Steel and Aronson (1995), proposed that negative stereotypes about a minority group interfere with the groups performance. The reason is because the minority groups are afraid of confirming the stereotype and that this affects their performance. Theory states that stereotype threat can lead to negative thinking, which in turn would lead to a decrease in their performance “The studies established the existence of stereotype threat and provided evidence that stereotypes suggesting poor performance, wh...
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...l, Robert; Danso, Henry (2007) Stereotype Threat Impacts College Athletes’ Academic Performance: Current Research in Social Psychology vol.12 no.5
Rydell’ J. Robert & Boucher L. Kathryn (2009) Capitalizing on Multiple Social Identities to Prevent Stereotype Threat: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem: Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin 36; 239
Shrauger J. Sidney & Rosenberg E. Saul (1969) Self-esteem and the effects of success and failure feedback on performance: State University of New York at Buffalo
Stangor, Charles; Carr, Christine & Kiang, Lisa (1998) Activating Stereotypes Undermines Task Performance Expectations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology vol. 75, 1191-1197
Steele M. Claude & Aronson, Joshua (1995) Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology no. 797-812
perpetuate in different social groups. Stereotype threat, as defined by Steele, is “being at risk of
In my opinion stereotyping has become like a superstition. Children these days pick up subtle cues from their mothers and use them in the form of stereotypes. Children and parents don’t realize that they are mistaken by falsified beliefs. In my opinion it is not worthy for a person to quickly correlate positive and negative terms with black and white faces or by race. One particular race might get teased with nicknames like rude and disrespectful. Various nationalities are stereotyped as friendly or unfriendly. These situations arise stereotype threat. In this situation s/he has the fear of doing something that would accidently confirm a negative stereotype. Even if the person does not believe the stereotype s/he may experience threat. People find very disturbing to accept stereotypes, they have pain of being treated unfairly. I opine that people perform poorly when they feel they are being stereotyped. They face obscurity in making rational decisions. Stereotype people also build in aggressive action towards others. Thus stereotyping should be controlled and those who are being stereotyped should have different
Stereotypes are everywhere and can often create problems for people, however they become even more detrimental with teens, especially at schools. Writer and science correspondent for the NRA, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, “How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,” explains that stereotypes can hurt the performance of the one that it is associated with. He supports his claim by first explaining that how well people do on tests are determined on who administers the questions, then he explains that studies show that when people take tests and they are reminded of negative stereotypes that associate with them, then they don’t do as well, and finally he states that the studies are being widely ignored by all the people which should take heed of the findings, such as test makers and college acceptance people. Vedantam’s purpose is to tell you about the research conducted by Huang in order to inform you that stereotypes can affect performance on tests.
Steele, C., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. (In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Stone, Jeff, C. Keith Harrison, and JaVonte Mottley. "“Don't Call Me A Student-Athlete”: The Effect Of Identity Priming On Stereotype Threat For Academically Engaged African American College Athletes." Basic & Applied Social Psychology 34.2 (2012): 99-106. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Mar. 2014
Izumi, Yutaka and Frank Hammonds. "Changing Ethnic/Racial Stereotypes: The Roles of Individuals and Groups." Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal (2007): 845-852.
Inzlicht, Michael. Stereotype threat: theory, process, and application. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.
Biernat, Monica, Theresa K. Vescio, and Michelle L. Green. "Selective Self-Stereotyping." Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology 71.6 (1996): 1194-1209. PsycARTICLES. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.
Stereotype threat is present in our everyday lives and it prevents people from doing things to their fullest abilities. It is the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about you resulting in weaker performance. An example where stereotype threat exists is in the case where African Americans do poorly on tests compared to Caucasian individuals. This occurs because the stereotype is that African Americans are intellectually inferior to Caucasian people. In a setting where the negative stereotype is brought to mind, African Americans will perform poorly on tests when in fact they are able to perform equally as well if not better than Caucasian individuals. (Article 1) Stereotype threat limits individuals in their performance in academics, sports or even something like driving. By reducing stereotype threat, performance in many areas can improve and people can perform tasks to their fullest potentials. Stereotype threat leads to underachievement in academic and work related situations. People may feel they cannot rise above the stereotype and become limited in their successes. (article 1 I think) The purpose of this paper is to inform on stereotype threat and how to reduce it, as well as to introduce my own investigation aimed at reducing stereotype threat.
“Stereotype” and “stereotyping” are words that are frequently used as synonyms to “prejudice” and “discrimination”; however, according to Lee Jussim and Rachel Rubinstein, social psychologists state that there are distinctions between these three concepts. Stereotype “is the contents of people’s beliefs about groups” and stereotyping is “the process by which people—consciously or not—use their stereotypes to make sense of the world”. Prejudice is defined as evaluation of or attitude toward a specific group; and discrimination is defined as behavior that systematically advantages or disadvantages a group. These are hot topics which have been researched for many years by social psychologists. (Jussim & Rubinstein)
Does a Self-fulfilling stereotype Drag down performance? I do think that stereotypes can affect people but it can only affect you if you let it. Even the strongest people let comments get to them sometimes.
“Stereotypes unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account” (Schaefer 40). Stereotypes can be positive, but are usually associated with negative beliefs or actions such as racial profiling.
..., Luigi, Katia Vanzetto, and others; The explicit and implicit perception of in-groups members who use stereotypes: Blatant rejection but subtle conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Sep 2001, Vol 37, pp. 419-426.
Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping are important topics at the cause of debating within social psychology. A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits cling to all members, regardless of actual individual variation (Akert, Aronson, & Wilson, 2010). As humans, people assign objects and individuals into categories to organize the environment. Individuals do this for not only organization, but also survival. Is stereotyping inevitable? That is the question; according to Devine (2007), it is, but Lepore and Brown (2007) have to disagree. Devine believes that “stereotyping is automatic, which makes it inevitable.” On the other hand, Lepore and Brown are not convinced that stereotyping is automatic, and have claimed, after observation, that it depends on the individual.
Most people find stereotypes to be obnoxious, especially when they have to do with sensitive subjects like gender or race. “Stereotyping is a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we perceive others and their communication behaviors” (Floyd, 61). Because they underestimate the differences among individuals in a group, stereotyping can lead to inaccurate and offensive perceptions of other people. Although stereotypes are prevalent in almost every society, becoming aware of our perceptions of others, as well as differentiating between both positive and negative stereotypes can help us overcome those stereotypes.