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Earl Warren: Changing America through Judicial Power
History does not happen in an instant; history is made through the impacts on the national and international level. Often times, it is one small event that triggers a large reaction from the public. Furthermore, it is one person who can make a difference in the world. Earl Warren was one person who helped shape Americans in the mid-1900s. From working in a law office to becoming the governor of California and finally being appointed as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1953, Earl Warren had built up tremendous support. In 1946, during his second campaign for the Governor of California, Warren was able to win over the Democratic, Republican, and Progressive parties, making him the only governor in United States history to do so. ("Earl Warren (1891-1974)"). During his time as the Chief Justice for the United States, Earl Warren brought dramatic change to black and white citizens. Under his command, Warren Court expanded educational rights for blacks and created the Miranda Rights for suspected criminals.
In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson case offered clarification to segregation laws between whites and blacks. The Plessy decision became the precedent case that allowed separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as they were “equal” (Wormser). Thus, the notion of “separate but equal” became popular. The Plessy decision was upheld until May 17, 1954. In 1954, Oliver Brown and his family challenged Topeka, Kansas’s Board of Education. During this time, many black children had to cross town and walk through dangerous roads to reach school. ("Brown v. Board of Education (1954) School Segregation, Equal Protection"). Many were schools were much closer, but ...
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"Teaching With Documents: Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education." National Archives. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Web. 20 Dec 2013.
Thomas III, George C., and Richard A. Leo. "The Effects of Miranda v. Arizona: "Embedded" in Our National Culture?." Crime and Justice. 29. (2002): 203-271. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
Warren, Earl. "Miranda Rights."American Treasures of the Library of Congress, 11 May 1966. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
Warren, Earl. United States. Library of Congress. Establishing the Miranda Rights. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966. Web.
Willoughby, Brian. "BROWN V. BOARD: An American Legacy." Teaching Tolerance: A Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center. Teaching Tolerance, n.d. Web. 5 Mar 2014.
Wormser, Richard. "Plessy v. Ferguson." PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Web. 2 Mar 2014.
Miranda Vs Arizona was a United States Supreme Court case in 1966. The court “ruled that a criminal suspect must make a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary decision to waive certain constitutional rights prior to questioning” (Ortmeier, 2005, 285). This ruling meant that suspects must be aware of their right to remain silent and that if they choose to speak to the police the conversation can be used against them in a court of law. If they do decide to speak under police it must not be under false promises
Elsen, Sheldon, and Arthur Rosett. “Protections for the Suspect under Miranda v. Arizona.” Columbia Law Review 67.4 (1967): 645-670. Web. 10 January 2014.
...e police officers. Miranda established the precedent that a citizen has a right to be informed of his or her rights before the police attempt to violate them with the intent that the warnings erase the inherent coercion of the situation. The Court's violation of this precedent is especially puzzling due to this case's many similarities to Miranda.
Miranda vs. Arizona was a case that considered the rights of the defendants in criminal cases in regards to the power of the government.
The Brown decision has generated numerous writings that are used to understand the meaning of the decision; Brown v. Board of Education,
Before the decision of Brown v. Board of Education, many people accepted school segregation and, in most of the southern states, required segregation. Schools during this time were supposed to uphold the “separate but equal” standard set during the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson; however, most, if not all, of the “black” schools were not comparable to the “white” schools. The resources the “white” schools had available definitely exceed the resources given to “black” schools not only in quantity, but also in quality. Brown v. Board of Education was not the first case that assaulted the public school segregation in the south. The title of the case was shortened from Oliver Brown ET. Al. v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The official titled included reference to the other twelve cases that were started in the early 1950’s that came from South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware and the District of Columbia. The case carried Oliver Brown’s name because he was the only male parent fighting for integration. The case of Brown v. Board o...
“We conclude unanimously that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” (qtd. in Irons 163). Many African-Americans waited to hear this quote from Chief Justice Earl Warren after many years of fighting for better educational opportunities by means of school desegregation. African-Americans went through much anguish before the Brown v. Board of Education trial even took place, especially in the Deep South. Little did they know that what looked like the beginning of the end was just another battle in what seemed like an endless war. Brown v. Board of Education was an important battle won during the Civil Rights Movement; however, it did have a major drawback simply because no deadline existed, an issue that author James Baldwin grasped from the moment the decision was made. The South took full advantage of this major flaw and continued to keep its segregated schools with no intention of ever integrating.
"Treason, Sedition and Civil Rights in the U. S. Law." Congressional Digest 14.10 (1935): 227-
Plessy vs Ferguson was a case in which it stated a precedent. In 1892, an African American named Homer Plessy did not give up his seat to a white man("HISTORY OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION"). He then got arrested and taken to jail. Plessy than went to the Supreme Court to argue that his Fourteenth Amendment was violated. However, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy and set the precedent that “separate but equal” is really equal("HISTORY OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION") .
Patterson, James. “Brown v Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Pivotal Moments in American History).” Oxford University Press., 2001.
“Separate is not equal.” In the case of Plessey vs. Ferguson in 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court said racial segregation didn’t violate the Constitution, so racial segregation became legal. In 1954 the case of Oliver Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka this case proved that separate is not equal. Oliver Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka was revolutionary to the education system, because colored people and Caucasians had segregated schools. The Caucasians received a better education and the colored people argued that they were separate but not equal. This would pave the way for integrated schools and change the education system as we knew it.
Unger, Harlow G. "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas." Encyclopedia of American Education, 3rd Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. African-American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
In the early 1950's, racial segregation was widely accepted across the nation. It was believed that this would create a better learning atmosphere for white students. Although all school districts across cities and states were supposed to be equal, facilities, teachers, and school conditions were far superior in white schools than black schools. This system was feebly challenged until 1951. In Topeka, Kansas, Oliver Brown attempted to enroll his third-grade daughter to an all white school. Oliver's daughter had to walk more than a mile to her all black school, while the white school was merely seven blocks from their home. Although denied enrollment, Brown appealed all the way to the Supreme Court. In the precedent-setting trial of Brown vs. the Board of Education, Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of Oliver Brown -- no longer would segregation be permitted.
I hope in this paper I have made people more aware of what exactly are the Miranda rights. It is very crucial to understand these incase you are involved in an interrogation sometime in ones life. You have the rights afforded to you under the constitution, and it is important you exercise those rights.
Defenders of the Miranda decision say that fewer crimes solved are for a good reason. They believe that law enforcement officers were forced to stop coercive questioning techniques that are unconstitutional. Over the years, the Supreme Court has watered down its stance in saying that the Miranda rules are not constitutional obligations, but rather “prophylactic” safeguards intended to insure that officers do not force a confession from a suspect. The need for both effective law enforcement as well as protection of society dictates the need for potential alternatives to the limitations of Miranda that would simultaneously protect the interest of society in effective law enforcement while at the same time providing protection to suspects against unconstitutional force (www.ncpa.org).