Biology Topic Three
Chemical elements
element Function
Prokaryotes Plants animals
Sulphur proteins proteins Proteins
Calcium Flagella movement Forms cell plate during cytokinesis Shells, bones, vesicle fusion
Phosphorus Nucleic acids and ATP Nucleic acids and ATP Nucleic acids and ATP
iron Cytochrome- used in respiration Cytochromes-used in reparation Cytochromes – used in mitochondria respiration, haemoglobin
Sodium Main cation in cytoplasm Transmission of nerve impulses
Water
- Polar molecule
- Oxygen has slight negative charge
- Hydrogen has slight positive charge
- Opposite charges attract
- This forms hydrogen bonds
- This is called cohesion
- Water can store lots of heat
- Water can dissolve other polar molecules
- Other substances can form ions in water and dissolve
Organisms and properties of water
- Can be used as a coolant because it requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to go from liquid to gaseous state
- Is a good medium for metabolic reactions due to the fact it is a good solvent due to its polarity. Watery cytoplasm dissolve substances and metabolic reactions can take place easily.
- Water can be a good transport substance due to its high specific heat.
Cohesion is the forming of hydrogen bonds and hydrolysis is the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
Organic and inorganic compounds
- Organic compounds are those that contain carbon and are found in living organisms.
- They do not include carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and oxides of carbon.
Identifying: Ribose and Glucose
- Ring structure
- One carbon outside the ring
- CnH2nOn with n = 5 for ribose and n = six for glucose
- Each carbon has four bonds
- Eachs carbon has an Oh bond and an H bond.
Identifying: Amino acids
- Nitrogen is the key atom
- Twenty amino acids used as proteins
- They all have the same structure of
The R is changeable and can be any of many different things.
Identifying: Fatty Acids
- At one end is CH3 group and at the other COOH or carboxylic acid group
- Between these is a number of CH or CH2 groups.
- Double bonds mean that the fatty acid is unsaturated
- If there are lots of double bonds then the fatty acid is called polyunsaturated.
Identifying: Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Disaccharides: Matose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. All from poly-glucose
In plants carbohydrates serve as an energy source and component of sucrose while it is also used to build cell walls and transport things
In animals it is broken down to produce energy, and is a sugar in milk and used as an energy store.
= == Carbon dioxide + water Þ glucose + oxygen Green plants need sunlight. They use the light energy to make a sugar called glucose. Glucose can be turned into another type of sugar called sucrose and carried to other parts of the plant in phloem vessels. Glucose can also be turned into starch and stored.
monomer is added to water, water forms a “cage” around the hydrophobic carbon chain. This
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
The slight differences in the way their atoms are arranged give them slightly different properties. These are shown below: α-glucose: β-glucose: Galatose: Fructose: [IMAGE] [IMAGE] The main function of monosaccharide is that they are able to move through bodies, gut walls and therefore important as a source of energy. All other carbohydrates have to be converted to monosaccharides before energy can be released and its is due to it’s small size they are very soluble and it is the form of monosaccharides that all carbohydrates are carried in the blood.
Either the A or B chain of insulin is then extracted from the b-galactose and purified. The two chains are then mixed. A chemical reaction forms the disulfide cross bridges connecting the two chains and resulting in Humilin.
is a very useful nutrient for human life forms as it is the source for
Is an important extract that contain the glucose were the body is in needed to form energy.
head group is attached to one of the glycerol hydroxyls with addition to the two hydrocarbon fatty
...ulose will be protected from anything that could potentially damage the cell otherwise. It also plays a part in helping cells keep their shape. Cell walls, along with cellulose, provide support for plants so that they can grow tall while maintaining their shape. The size of the plant will determine the amount of cellulose it will need, but all plants require some amount of it and make use of it constantly.
Extreme desiccation also places extreme stress on proteins and lipids due to the loss of hydration shells that are important for maintaining their functional conformation. Thus, these organisms use polyhydric alcohols including sorbitol and glycerol as cellular desiccants, to minimize “free water”, and stabilize proteins and membranes. Polyols form hydrogen
Cohesive Force: The intermolecular forces that cause liquids to resist separation and to remain a certain shape. This exists between molecules of the same substance.
It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to break down ethanol, fats and other acidic wastes including ammonia, into harmless substances.
In some way, shape, or form energy is one of the several reasons why there is an existence of life on earth. Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis form a cycle of that energy and matter to support the daily functions that allow organisms to live. Photosynthesis is often seen to be one of the most important life processes on Earth. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose so other organisms can use it as food and energy. It changes light energy into chemical energy and releases oxygen. This way organisms can stay alive and have the energy to function. Chlorophyll is an organelle generally found in plants, it generates oxygen as a result too. As you can see without
Carbohydrates are the main source of glucose, which is a major fuel for all of the body's cells and the only source of energy for the brain and red cells. Except for fiber, which cannot be digested, both simple and complex carbohydrates are converted into glucose. The glucose is then either used directly to provide energy for the body, or stored in the liver for future use. When a person consumes more calories than the body is using, a portion of the carbohydrates consumed may also be stored in the body as fat.
into the energy that humans need everyday. It controls the blood sugar level and without