According to Smith (1988), an author of a specialist dictionary on tourism, the word ‘tourist’ was introduced in 1800 and the word ‘tourism’ in 1811. However, what exactly is ‘tourism’? Who are ‘tourists’? Researchers and practitioners have produced many definitions for both ‘tourist’ and ‘tourism’ but no definition of either term has become extensively recognised regardless of the fact that both terms have now been part of the English language for over two centuries. As indicated by Smith (1988), he suggests that there “probably never will be a single definition of tourism” or tourists as economists, psychologists and geographers perceive different things about tourism in their own professional field (Smith 1988 as cited in Leiper 1995:3). However, any approach to defining both terms is highly constructive as it gives us more knowledge and understandings of each term. In this essay, the different concepts of tourism are defined by academic authors such as Krapf and Hunziker (1942), McIntosh and Goeldner (1977) and Stear (2005). After discussing ‘tourism’, the focus then shifts to ‘tourists’ where again, Stear (2005), Leiper (1979) and Weaver and Lawton (2006), defines ‘tourists’ whilst illustrating how each definition is different from one another.
One of the first attempts to define tourism was that of two Swiss academics, Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University. They defined tourism in a 1942 study as a complex of environmental impacts: “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity.” This definition has been acknowledged by many international associations including the...
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...ry’ in Annals of Tourism Research Oct/Dec ’79, School of Business and Administrative Studies, Sydney Technical College, Australia. pp 390 – 407.
Leiper, N., (1995), ‘Tourism Management’ Tafe Publications, Collingwood, Victoria.
Reindrawati, D. Y., (unknown date published), ‘The Difficult but Interesting Problems of Clearly Conceptualising Tourism and the Tourism Industry, and Differentiating the Two’, Dosen Program Studi DIII Pariwisata FISIP Unair, Surabaya.
Smith, S. L. J., (1995), ‘Tourism Analysis – A Handbook’ 2nd Edition, Longman Group Limited, Malaysia.
Stear, L. and Wixon, D., (2007), ‘Some heuristic definitions for studying highly industrialised tourism systems’, Unpublished monograph, School of Leisure Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney.
Weaver, D. and Lawton, L. (2010), ‘Tourism Management’ 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Australia.
In this report I will be looking into the theoretical concepts associated with tourism, leisure and hospitality developments and evaluating the social, economical, political and environmental impacts of tourism in Blackpool. I will be ...
Stabler, M.J. Papatheodorou, A. Sinclair, M.T. (2010). The economics of tourism 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.
Tourism has a profound ripple effect on the local residents’ incomes and daily routines at a popular tourist destination by directly or indirectly influencing their everyday quality of life. (Wall & Mathieson, 2006, p.227). Local economies transform to fit the demands of tourists rather than the demands of the locals. The local economy may benefit from tourism with the increase of employment and trade opportunities, financial investments, as well as improvement in infrastructure. On the other hand, tourism can give the local economy a black eye with increases in crime, prostitution and illegal drug activity. Local residents may have varying opinions on tourism and they range from good to bad, based on what part of the spectrum they are affected by.
Tourism, in many developed countries, has reached a point of maturity where resorts which flouris...
Horner, S., & Swarbrooke, J. (2004). International cases in tourism management. (1 ed.). London, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Sharma (2004) points out that tourism industry in the Queensland in divided into several broad sectors with accommodation, adventure tourism and recreation as well as events and conferences forming the major tourism sectors. This paper will focus on adventure and recreation tourism sector and narrow down to sports subsector. The adventure and recreation tourism sector is very distinct because it has its own independent customers and the numbers of tourists who visit Queensland for sporting activities keep on increasing every year. This tourism sector has been affected by the changing travel trends that hav...
The discourse concerning the impacts of tourism in national development, economic and otherwise, has had both negative and positive connotations. Societies hosting tourist attractions are seen as the victims of the negative effects of tourism while the tourists seen as the perpetrators of the crime; bringing their culture and values and imposing them on the host societies. While these generally accepted stereotypical thoughts may be true in some instances, it is however misleading to hold these notions regarding the changes in the social and cultural aspects of a society. Whereas sociocultural changes may in part be due to tourism, it can also be due to other modernization and global factors such as international trade relations, military actions, migration etc (Sharpley R. and Telfer D., 2002).
For the introduction, brief information regarding my purchase and the travel and tourism industry is presented. It was then followed by the explanation of the 2 chosen theories from two different chapters.
Tourism is travel for business or leisure purposes. A tourist is a person who travels outside his city, state or country for business or leisure purposes for more than 24 hours and not more than one consecutive year. Probably, it can be divided into leisure tourism and business tourism.
Tourism can be defined in many ways, for economist people tourists are the main source of earning foreign currency, for private sector it is an act of the developing product, for other tourists receiving community it is an angle of change of lifestyle and for travellers it is a set of activities that motivate the individual to leave home temporarily
There is not really a universally accepted definition of tourism. In 1994 the World Tourism Organization (WTO) revised its definition. It says the tourism comprises of 'the activities of persons travelli...
Butler, R.W. (1975) Tourism as an agent of social change. In Proceedings of the International
Tourism is an important and intricate element to society. It affects economical, social, cultural and environmental elements. Tourism can be argued to have a negative impact on the environment and decrease our already depleting resources, but tourism can also be argued to be a major contributor to strengthening economies, spread cultural traditions and improve people’s lives. Tourism
Tourism is a typical activity of fashion that the public participate widely and it has grown in importance over recorded human history. Innumerable articles refer tourism as “the world’s largest industry”; policy-makers, analysts, and scholars often speak of the size of the tourism compared to that of other industries (Smith 2004: 26). These series of misleading statement, together with the mass media’s reports (out of context), make the idea that tourism is a single large industry branded into many people’s minds. However, in this essay I will demonstrate that it is a simplistic and misleading idea, which should be replaced by the plural term, “tourism industries”. Moreover, tourism is not the world’s largest industry, but largest service sector.
Based on McIntosh and friends (1995) tourism is a phenomenon and relationship that exists due to interaction between tourist, businessman, government and community as the host in process attract tourist and foreign tourism. Indirectly, this definition clarified tourism is visit or travel to another place within yesterday, aimed amused, rested, traded and so on. In fact, there are four key that related in