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How does culture affect international business
How does culture affect international business
How does culture affect international business
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This paper will scrutinizes the actual impact of culture on financial management. Before I proceed to what I believe to be not only a factually inept argument of cultural influence on economics but also a grossly delusional and rather prejudiced view as well, I must first set some sort of context to what I am alluding to. The assignment stipulates for me to, address if the framework of financial management can apply to any country or culture. The simple and short answer to this is “no”, financial management is different depending on the country and or culture. For example Germans don’t buy into the same type of capital structure that North Americans do, nor do Muslims have the same type of financial system to that of the west. Simply put various cultures and countries have different financial institutions and or governments, as well as various different values, attitudes and preferences. More broadly the assignment asks me to discuss the role of culture in finance, which I find not to have a true correlation to economics or its financial institutions.
First let me state that I am not alone in my beliefs on this issue. Many economists are reluctant to consider culture because it is too broad and vague to enter the economic discourse with a testable hypothesis (Guiso, Sapienza & Zingales 2006 p.1). This has however not stopped the insurgence of sociologists entering the realm of economics with more powerful measuring tools to back their exaggerated claims of a cause and effect, of culture on economics. Specifically these sociologists and economists dispute Marx’s claim that “The mode of production of material life conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in general” (Marx 1859). In other words economic condi...
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...act but the reasons and questionable data provided to support such a hypothesis is not sufficient for a direct correlation to occur, consequently do to such weak and morally questionable arguments.
Reference list
Dar, A.H., & Presley, R.J. (2001) Lack of Profit Loss Sharing in Islamic Banking: Management and Control Imbalances, Loughborough University
Diamond, J. (1997) Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years, London: Vintage, 2005
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006) DOES CULTURE AFFECT ECONOMIC OUTCOMES?, The Journal of Economic Prospective
GRAY, J.S. (1988) Towards a Theory of Cultural Influence on the Development of Accounting Systems Internationally University of Glasgow, Scotland
Marx, Karl (1859) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, International Publishers, New York, 1979,
Building off of the socioeconomic example presented, Stuart continues detailing the complexities regarding culture. Some of the issues discussed are the subjective nature of cultures, the ambiguous boundaries of cultures...
Temkin, G. (1998). Karl Marx and the economics of communism: Anniversary recollections. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 31(4), 303–328. doi:10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00014-2
Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Second Edition, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 2001
Geert Hofstede’s research in this area has been largely accepted as the standard for understanding culture within nations for study in many different disciplines including sociology and management research, among others. His studies because of their vastness in scale, gathering data from more than ”60,000 respondents in seventy different countries,” makes his research extremely reliable and foundational to research in this area (Hofstede, 1984, 1991, 2001).”
Throughout the duration of this composition, I will provide cultural information depicted from the African, Indian, and Chinese cultures. The information will consist of background information, societal issues, policies that are implemented, and the profound decisions, law making and the way a group of individuals live in general. (Petrakis, Kostis, 2013) explained how cultural differences were a notion utilized in policy creation that highlights the impact of cultural capital on population and individual behavior.
...talism both give value to each other, but capitalism is most successful when it is combined with the preferences and values of other cultures in order to make money. A thematic representation of culture and capitalism can be seen in a general layout of a supermarket, as capitalism ruins a true market. The dominant cultural group in a given area will reflect the items available, as corporations will have a higher monetary gain when accommodating the targeted consumer. If a corporation targeted the minority cultural group in a certain place, othering would be experienced, as it (b)orders the sense of belonging. Overall, culture controls capitalism, as certain products can obtain a higher meaning to certain people, or groups of people. The dominant society will have a higher control over what products are imported in, as corporations have one main goal of profit gain.
Hofstede (1983) suggests that individuals from similar cultures have a “collective mental programming” which is part of their conditioning that they share with other citizens of the country they reside in but not with other citizens who do not live in the same country. Hofstede defines this “collective mental programming” as culture (Armstrong, 1996). Several researchers have documented the cultural influence on consumer behaviour (e.g Erickson et al, 1984). Other researchers have focused on ethnic differences (e.g. Wallenford and Reilly, 1983). Tse et al (1988) also investigated whether a manager’s home culture has “predicable” significant effects on decision making of executives from the People’s Republic of China and Canada.
Karl Marx, the preface, “a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” written 1859, Progress Publisher, Moscow, Translated by S. W. Ryazanskaya 1999
There are multitude definitions of culture available in the literature and each definition relies on the context of one’s field of study. It was variedly defined that each
Baggins, Brian. "Abstract from the Preface of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy." Preface. Comp. Zodiac. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. By Karl Marx. Ed. R. Rojas and Matthew Carmody. Trans. S. W. Ryazanskaya. Comp. Tim Delaney and Zodiac. Moscow: Progress, 1859. Marx/Engels Internet Archive. Marx/Engels Internet Archive. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. .
When you think of the word “culture” what comes to mind? Many elements can contribute to
Bender, Frederic L. Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ed. 1988.
The dimensions of culture came as a result of a research conducted by Greet Hofstede. The study investigated how culture in a workplace can be influenced by values of the people. In his view, culture is defined as the collective programming of the human brain that helps in distinguishing a group from another one. Moreover, the programming of the human mind influences the patterns, values and perspectives that define a certain community or nation. Hofstede developed a model of the national culture that is made of six dimensions. In addition to that, the cultural dimensions demonstrate the personal preferences on affairs that can be easily distinguished from that of individuals from another nation. Using the model, it is easy to identify systematic differences between the selected nations in terms of values (Hofstede). This paper discusses the cultural dimensions to compare the United States of America and China. The dimensions include Power Distance, Masculinity versus Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, and Individualism versus collectivism, Indulgence versus Restraint and long-term orientation versus short term normative orientation.
Schwartz and Bilsky (1990) argue that in Hofstede’s model insufficient aspects of culture are taken into account and survey is not the best method to assess culture. Additionally, the model assumes that national culture stays within the boundaries of the country and does not tender the idea of cultural and ethnic variance within nations (Myers and Tan, 2003; Gerhart, 2009). Frequently, a culture transcends the official borders of a country as culture counts more years than an officially-formed nation.