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nature in romanticism essay
essay on romantic literature
essay: literature in romanticism
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This literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics which will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research in Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on defining the two aspects of Romantic literature. These two aspects are called Romantic nature and the sublime; the paper will look at the main purpose of these definitions by literary scholars. The review will also compare and contrast different methodologies used by the critics when defining 'Nature' and the 'Sublime'. When, and if appropriate, the review may make brief references to some canonical Romantic texts. In addition, the reason why the paper will look particularly at these two aspects is because it has been generally agreed by literary scholars that nature and sublime are both synonymous. Yet, there are various debates amongst scholars on the definition and therefore illustrates inconsistencies of the two terms. Thus, this essay will make small contributions with regards to the definition of the term.
Nature and the sublime are two prominent characteristics in eighteenth century Romantic literature and it is this relationship that has attracted considerable attention in literary criticism ( Hagman , 124) . Aidan Day (1985) and Nicola Trott (1999) have aptly documented that the serenity of nature and the spiritual awe of the sublime is an aesthetically attractive feature in Romantic literature. In spite of this consensus , their interpretation on what constitutes as the sublime differs but not significantly. While, Day takes on an epistemological approach when defining the sublime 'as an ...
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...me, it is a study of how other literary scholars view the sublime.
Although, Trott and Day's text posits of a coherent definition of the sublime, there are certain limitations in their work for instance their work does not offer how the term might have changed or evolved in the past decade. Velde (2010) found that the correct use of language must be employed in Romantic literature to capture a transcendental experience for the reader. Velde's point is valid because the Romantic poets placed an extreme assertion of It is therefore, necessary to look at the sublime relationship with 'Nature' and how literary scholars have defined this term in recent years.
The emphasis on nature is another significant notion to Romantic literature because literary scholars view nature as an integral concept when researching Romanticism as a discipline.
Appeal to emotions, individualism, and intellectual achievement were three important elements of Romanticism. This essay will explore the degree to which Cyrano de Bergerac exemplifies these elements of Romanticism.
It has been often noted that the Romantic writers of English literature were rebelling against the established positions and views of society. Most of the Romantic artists were indigenes of the well-established middle class and they were swiftly tiring of the self-serving political depredation perpetrated by the hands of the upper class. The Romantics were flouting convention, thumbing their noses and calling for radical and widespread reform not only in governmental politics, but within the politics of their own trade--creativity and art. Their myriad of works are clear evidence of this. Contumely against established society was found mostly in the poetical works of the day. However, much social commentary found its way into seemingly unlikely novels. Two such novels are Mary Shelly's Frankenstein and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park. Both of these novels are clever repositories for social commentary and judgment.
What can be said about the sublime? Class discussion led to the definition of sublime as the element found in travel literature that is unexplainable. It is that part of travel literature where the writer is in awe of his or her surroundings, where nature can be dangerous or where nature reminds a human being of their mortality. The term "sublime" has been applied to travel texts studied in class and it is hard not to compare the sublime from texts earlier in the term to the texts in the later part of the term. Two texts that can be compared in terms of the sublime are A Tour in Switzerland by Helen Williams and History of a Six Weeks' Tour by Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley. There are similarities and differences found in both texts concerning individual perspectives of travel and the sublime. The main focus of this commentary will be comparing and contrasting the perspectives of Williams and Shelley within their respective texts, the language of the sublime and the descriptions of the sublime.
In the late eighteenth century arose in literature a period of social, political and religious confusion, the Romantic Movement, a movement that emphasized the emotional and the personal in reaction to classical values of order and objectivity. English poets like William Blake or Percy Bysshe Shelley seen themselves with the capacity of not only write about usual life, but also of man’s ultimate fate in an uncertain world. Furthermore, they all declared their belief in the natural goodness of man and his future. Mary Shelley is a good example, since she questioned the redemption through the union of the human consciousness with the supernatural. Even though this movement was well known, none of the British writers in fact acknowledged belonging to it; “.”1 But the main theme of assignment is the narrative voice in this Romantic works. The narrator is the person chosen by the author to tell the story to the readers. Traditionally, the person who narrated the tale was the author. But this was changing; the concept of unreliable narrator was starting to get used to provide the story with an atmosphere of suspense.
For many, saying or hearing the word romanticism evokes numerous stereotypical and prejudged definitions and emotions. The biggest reason this probably happens is because of how closely romanticism sounds like romance. The similarity of the sounds and spelling of the two words can lead to some thinking that the two words mean the same thing or are closely related. Although romanticism and romance do share some similarities in their spelling and pronunciation they couldn’t be more different. In the Merriam Webster Dictionary romance is defined as, “a love story”. The Romantic Period was not necessarily a time of true romance and love stories, although love was written about, but was instead a time of extreme emotion expressed in many different ways. One of the many ways emotion was expressed was through the use of supernatural and gothic literature and a lot of it contained horrific subject matter for the time it was written, making it anything but romantic. Expressions of thought and emotion were shown through horror and the supernatural just as much as emotion was expressed through love and romance. Many of the authors during the Romantic period submitted works, “dealing with the supernatural, the weird, and the horrible” (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). In many ways, gothic tales of horror and suspense defined the Romantic period just as much as any other type of literature at the time.
Wolfson, Susan and Peter Manning (eds.). The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. Volume 2A. New York: Longman, 1999.
The Romanticism period started in 1789 and lasted till 1830. This time period was a major international movement, shaping modern views of art, literature, music, and other aspects in life. Romanticism was the “reaction against artistic styles of classical antiquity, which was neoclassicism.” Neoclassicists focused on the power of reasoning to discover the truth while Romantics focused on the hope to transform the world through the power of imagination. They had a deep love for nature (Furst 302). The aspects of romanticism are important; they are the beliefs of this period. The first aspect includes nature, which allows them to be free from the artificial aspects of civilization; they were with man’s true setting. Nature was there to reveal and heal individuals. An example of the love for nature in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poetry ‘Frost at Midnight’ is he is describing how happy he is that his baby will be able to see nature instead of living in the city like he did, “But thou, my babe! shalt wander like ...
4) Marshall, William. From A Review of the Landscape, a Didactic Poem, 1795. in The Sublime: A Reader in British 18th Century Aesthetic Theory. Ed. Ashfield, Andrew and de Bolla, Peter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
of Knowledge in English Romanticism." Texas Studies in Literature. 1st ed. Vol. 15. N.p.: University of Texas, 1973. 50+. JSTOR. University of Texas Press. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. .
A major aspect of Romantic poetry is the surreal concept of the sublime. Sublime to romantics meant a heightened emotion expressed through terror, especially seen in nature. It gives evidence of the God’s power- a theme that artists and poets explored as romantics. This term conveys the human emotion people experience when they see something that leaves them in awe; for example, magnificent landscapes, the endless sea or horizon, or finding themselves in certain situations that can inflict feelings like fear or admiration. The sublime is used by Turner and many other Pre-Romantic painters. in the painting, the sails of the ship are rolled up, and water splashes and flies around and over it the ship, almost consuming it. The jagged, dark, clouds point to a forming storm and just shows how utterly consuming and unpredictable nature can be. In addition to the water and storm clouds, the symbolism of the blood-red color of the sunset, and the brown of the
Wolfson, S. & Manning, P. 2003. The Longman Anthology of English Literature Vol 2: The Romantics and their Contemporaries. London: Longman.
...the Sublime and Beautiful. The Sublime: a reader in British eighteenth-century aesthetic theory. Ed. Andrew Ashfield and Peter de Bolla. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Through the ingenious works of poetry the role of nature has imprinted the 18th and 19th century with a mark of significance. The common terminology ‘nature’ has been reflected by our greatest poets in different meanings and understanding; Alexander Pope believed in reason and moderation, whereas Blake and Wordsworth embraced passion and imagination.
responses to Malthius and Burke.? Studies of Romanticism, Fall 2001 v40 i3 p345(25). April 15, 2004
Classicist and Romanticists also differed on their approches towards reason and imagination. Classicism attached much more importance to reason than imagination because imagination could not be explained by their laws. To them, “;the imagination, though essential to literature, had to be restrained by reason and common sense.”; (text, 119) The Romanticists, however, emphasized that reason was not the only path to truth. “;Instead, Romantic writers emphasized intuition, that inner perception of truth which is independent of reason.”; (text, 122) To the Romantic writers, imagination was ultimately superior to reason.