Prior to 1959, faulty equipment was the probable cause for many airplane accidents, but with the advent of jet engines, faulty equipment became less of a threat, while human factors gained prominence in accident investigations (Kanki, Helmreich & Anca, 2010). From 1959 to 1989, pilot error was the cause of 70% of accident resulting in the loss of hull worldwide (Kanki, Helmreich & Anca, 2010). Due to these alarming statistics, in 1979 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) implemented a workshop called “Resource Management on the Flightdeck” that led to what is now known as Crew Resource Management (CRM) or also known as Cockpit Resource Management (Rodrigues & Cusick, 2012). CRM is a concept that has been attributed to reducing human factors as a probable cause in aviation accidents. The concepts of CRM weren’t widely accepted by the aviation industry, but through its history, concepts, and eventual implementation, Crew Resource Management has become an invaluable resource for pilots as well as other unrelated industries around the world.
Over the course of the thirty years spanning from 1959 to 1979 there were many incidents that led to a need for a system to reduce human factors in major accidents, but in the seventies, there were some significant accidents that highlighted a need for action. A very notable crash was the Eastern Airlines Flight 401 on December 29, 1972. The flight was making their approach in Miami when the landing gear light would not illuminate. All members of the flight crew attempted to troubleshoot the problem with the autopilot on. Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructed the pilot to divert away from the airport at 2000 feet while they figured out the issue. The autopilot function...
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Kanki, B., Helmreich, R., & Anca, J. (2010). Crew resource management. (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/lib/erau/docDetail.action?docID=10378827
Kilroy, C. (n.d.). Special report: United airlines flight 232. Retrieved from http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ua232.shtml
Mulenburg, J. (2011). Crew resource management improves decision making. Ask Magazine, (42), Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask/issues/42/42i_crew_resource_management.html
Noland, D. (n.d.). 10 plane crashes that changed aviation. Popular Mechanics, DOI: www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/10-airplane-crashes-that-changed-aviation
Rodrigues, C., & Cusick, S. (2012). Commercial aviation safety. (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Handling and operating an airplane comes with great risk, but these risks that are present are handled with very different attitudes and dealt with in different ways depending on the environment the pilots are in.
The Colgan Air Flight 3407 was a very interesting case to look at. On February 12, 2009, at 10:17 pm, flight 3407 crashed at a house in New York after the pilots experience a stall. Flight 3407 was scheduled to fly from Newark, New Jersey to Buffalo, New York. The NTSB reported the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) revealed some discrepancies both pilots were experience. The first officer did not have any experience with icing condition but icing was one of the reasons the plane went into a stall. On the other hand, the captain had some experience flying in icing condition. The captain was experiencing fatigue, which indeed, made him unfit to recover from a stall. With that in mind, the Human Factor Analysis Classification System (HFACS) will give insight of some errors both pilots made.
Air Crash Investigations: Cockpit Failure (S10E01). (2014, March 5). Retrieved May 19, 2014, from Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1FG8gOKMoo
One of them is the Crew Resource Management (CRM) present in the Aviation field that experts have come up. It is safety training that focuses team management that is very effective. The CRM programs essentially educate the crew members on how human competency may be limited. The operational perceptions emphasized include examination, promotion, seeking information related to operations, communicating projected exploits, decision-making and conflict resolution. The improvements on the safety records, which were observed after the implementation of this new safety training on commercial aviation, were tremendous compared to the previous record where 70 percent of the commercial flight accidents were as a result poor communication among crew members. Secondly, there is the Kaiser Permanente, SABR (Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) Tool 2002 which reveals that indeed doctors and nurses more often than not have different communication styles partly owing to their training. Physicians are taught to be concise while nurses to be able to vividly describe medical conditions. SABR was created by a physician co-coordinator of the informatics at the Kaiser Permanente, Michael Leonard together with his colleagues and it has been used vastly in the healthcare systems, one of them being the Kaiser Permanente. It provides a framework of communication between medical
Safety in the ethics and industry of aerospace technology is of prime importance for preventing tragic malfunctions and crashes. Opposed to automobiles for example, if an airplane breaks down while in mid-flight, it has nowhere to go but down. And sadly it will often go down “hard” and with a high probability of killing people. The Engineering Code of Ethics states first and foremost that, “Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.” In the aerospace industry, this as well holds very true, both in manufacturing and in air safety itself. Airline safety has recently become a much-debated topic, although arguments over air safety and travel have been going ...
Every organization strives to develop and obtain a strong competitive advantage over the competition in their marketplace. One way to do so is to attract, hire, and maintain an experienced and knowledgeable workforce. Therefore, every staffing plan must be an integral part of any overall competitive business strategy planning. This is exactly what this staffing plan will do for Tanglewood into the future. Presented is a comprehensive plan to centralize staffing practices at Tanglewood by addressing the organization, organizational strategy, human resource and staffing strategy, staffing policies and programs (e.g. support actives and core staffing actives), and staffing system and retention management.
The majority of aviation accidents are due to human error, which is why it is of such high importance to learn about human factors and crew management. Unfortunately, part of being human is making mistakes, and it would be nearly impossible to eliminate all hazards. However; becoming knowledgeable in recognizing hazards and assessing the risks associated with them is a large influencing factor in mitigating accidents. Throughout this course, we have covered some of the most influential aspects of accidents that people repeatedly fall victim to and how to avoid them. These include identifying links in the error chain, vertigo, the importance of checklists, hypoxia, interacting with crew members, and external stimuli such as alcohol, drugs, and
Since the birth of aviation, man has been tasked with operating aircraft safely, yet effectively. From the beginning days of being able to simply operate an aircraft without injury for seconds at a time, to today's issues with safety in supersonic international travel, crew resource management has been with us in some from the beginning. The term "CRM" began to spread in the 1980's among the major airlines, fueled by industry and university research into human factors. The U.S. military has also taken a very active in the development of CRM techniques to aid in the high stress environment of military aviation.
Snook, S., & Polzer, J. T. (2004). The army crew team. Manuscript submitted for publication, Business , Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, , Available from Harvard Business School. (9-403-131).
After studying the Aloha aircraft accident in 1933, our group is interested in the investigation in Human performances factors in maintenance and inspection. We have divided the investigation into 5 aspects:
As driving becomes increasingly automated and advance, better safety technology and self-driving programs are applied to cars. In align with Perspective One, the self-driving cars leads to greater road safety and less car accidents due to superior awareness of surroundings that self-driving cars have.; therefore, governments should encourage people to switch to self-driving cars. In 2016, an interesting case of self-driving cars saving the day was that a man was saved by Telsa's autopilot by driving him to the hospital. According to CNBC, the man had a fatal blood vessel blockage in his lung which was life-threatening if not treated immediately. However, before the man lost consciousness, he enabled the autopilot which drove him to the nearest hospital
United States of America. Department of Transportation. FAA. Human Error and Commercial Aviation Accidents: A Comprehensive, Fine-Grained Analysis Using HFACS. FAA, July 2006. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. .
The primary cause is of airplane accidents does at some stage contain an element of a person being unable to discharge his duties correctly and in an accurate manner. More than 53% accidents are the result of ignorance or faults by the pilot during flight. Other staff is responsible for about 8% accidents. The most obvious errors by pilot are made during the take off or landing on the runway. Additionally errors can occur during the maintenance of the airplane outside the plane, whereby a lack of thorough inspection and oversight can lead to complication during mid-flight. Fueling and loading of the plane also sometimes create problems (Shapiro, 2001).
In a 2010 WHO report on road accidents, the number of fatalities that occurred due to road accidents is 1.24 million worldwide. This means the current safety measures on vehicles are not enough. Much is being done in this area though. Computers are now being intensively being involved to counter any human error that causes accidents, apart from mechanical interventions in car designs. Utilizing radars and sensors, vehicles can now maintain safe distance from other vehicles (Adaptive cruise control). Antilock braking and air bags have been in use for quite some time. Driver Alertness Detection System (DADS) can sense driver’s alertness and prevent accidents due to sleepiness. Preventive systems that act upon the alcohol content in ones breath are also being tested. But probably the holy grail of preventive measures would be a self driving car. From pages of science fiction to reality, self driving cars are now being tested actively. Google has taken the lead I this technology and other major players like BMW, Mercedes, Audi etc. are also in the
This term paper reviews the three most common catagories of aviation accident causes and factors. The causes and factors that will be discussed are human performance, environmental, and the aircraft itself. Although flying is one of the safest means of transportation, accidents do happen. It is the investigators job to determine why the accident happened, and who or what was at fault. In the event of an accident, either one or all of these factors will be determined as the cause of the accident. Also discussed will be one of the most tradgic plane crashes in aviation history and the human factors involved.