Literature Review
Null hypothesis: There exists no correlation between receiving a diagnosis of cancer and being either Hispanic or Latino. Alternative hypothesis: There exists a correlation between having a cancer diagnosis and being either Hispanic or Latino. Dependent variable: cancer diagnosis. Independent variable: Hispanic or Latino. My hypothesis seeks to establish that there is no direct correlation between being Hispanic/Latino and receiving a cancer diagnosis. I believe that it is not a direct causation of being Hispanic/Latino that leads individuals to developing cancer. There must be other factors that influence the development of cancer in Hispanic/Latino communities when compared to other groups. An article in the Texas Public Health Journal concurs with the fact that Hispanics are at an “elevated risk for cancer” (2013). According to this article the increased diagnoses among Hispanics and Latinos in Texas has more to do with low education, poverty and lack of health insurance. Inclusively, it specifies that liver and stomach cancer has the highest rates among Hispanic men and women while cancer of the cervix was near 50% higher in women (2013). Relating back to poverty is the idea that with poverty there is limited resources to proper health care. Cancer screenings are part of proper health care- the more an individual is unable to access this resource, the higher the probability of developing cancer and late detection. In relation to cancer risks in Latinos/Hispanics a different article states that “it [cancer] is the leading cause of death overall in Latinos and breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among Latinas” (Ramirez et al, 2014). The article states that a possible reason as to why the...
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... Women International, 28(10), 930-950. doi:10.1080/07399330701615358
Jimenez, E. A., Xie, Y., Goldsteen, K., & Chalas, E. (2011). Promoting Knowledge of Cancer Prevention and Screening in an Underserved Hispanic Women Population: A Culturally Sensitive Education Program. Health Promotion Practice, 12(5), 689-695. doi:10.1177/1524839910364370
Primeau, S., Freund, K., Ramachandran, A., Bak, S., Heeren, T., Chen, C., & ... Battaglia, T. (2014). Social Service Barriers Delay Care Among Women with Abnormal Cancer Screening. JGIM: Journal Of General Internal Medicine, 29(1), 169-175. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2615-x
Ramirez, A., Perez-Stable, E., Penedo, F., Talavera, G., Carrillo, J., Fernández, M., & ... Gallion, K. (2014). Reducing time-to-treatment in underserved Latinas with breast cancer: The Six Cities Study. Cancer (0008543X), 120(5), 752-760. doi:10.1002/cncr.28450
Socioeconomic status can limit access to healthcare in many ways. Several Americans do not have the means to receive healthcare although it is readily available to the entire population. A person’s social status, urban community and financial background can all have an impact as to how access to healthcare is achieved. While there are many factors that limit access to healthcare, I will discuss how these particular factors play a role with accessing healthcare services. Why do low income individuals tend to have high risk factors that result in poor health outcomes? What are some of the factors that determine better health outcomes? These are some of the questions that come up when trying to understand the influence of health outcomes. An individual’s socioeconomic status can alter their healthcare choices and status based on education, income, surroundings and/or occupation levels.
Perez, M. A. & Luquis, R.R. (2009). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA.
How do cultural differences affect breast cancer prevalence, prevention, and treatment in African-American, Hispanic/Latina, and Caucasian women living in the United States?
Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, “the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.” (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as Blacks and Native Americans. The prevalence of diabetes among Latinos is attributed to the social determinants of health such as low socioeconomic status and level of education. Further, this becomes an important public health issue when it costs the United States $174 billion in both direct and indirect costs, based on the 2007 The National Diabetes Fact Sheet released by the CDC. In turn, medical expenses are twice as high for a patient that has diabetes as opposed to one without. Finally, this high cost becomes another barrier to receiving care for Latinos when some are in the low socioeconomic status.
As of today, there are many programs and efforts being made that have either already decreased the gap or are attempting to bring change to the problem of increased deaths of African American women from breast cancer. One example is a study that was done in Massachusetts that gave low-income African American women aged 50-70 resources and education for six years, and it was “concluded that the Massachusetts program appeared to mitigate the disadvantages of living in high-poverty neighborhoods” for the incidence of breast cancer in that specific area (Cunningham 595). This study shows that these women need help that has not been previously provided to them in order to reduce the disparity. In this regard, the role of affordable health care needs to be available in order to decrease this problem. The same study showed that “among women without health insurance, disproportionately large numbers are [older African Americans], providing an explanation for high rates of advanced stage cancers at presentation among [African American] women in general” (Cunningham 594). If women are to be able to access affordable screenings, affordable health care must also be provided. Once again, this brings in the role of government in the lives of African American women. Federally qualified health centers offer preventative health care and screenings for a reduced or free cost to women of low socio-economic status, many of which happened to be African American women at a particular clinic, and it was found that the incidence of breast cancer in that community was reduced from the rates that were established previously (Adams 640). Therefore, if low-income women are to be able to access quality health care, then there must be more federally qualified ...
Hispanic or Latino are statistically proven to be one of the nation’s largest and fastest growing minority in the United States, and they rank about 15 percent of the U.S. population which is expected to double almost to 29 percent by 2050 if current demographic trends continue (Livingston, et al., 2008). Before analyzing the Hispanic health status, demographic factors should take into consideration because the structure of populations, such as inadequate, unhealthy housing and living areas with poor air quality, can determine their health conditions. More so, they have the lower prevalence in many chronic health conditions than the U.S. adult population, but higher prevalence in diabetes and obesity than the non-Hispanic wh...
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer health disparities are defined as the adverse differences between specific populations and the achievement of an optimal state of health. These population groups are categorized by geographic location, income, disability, age, education, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race. These factors correlate with cancer mortality rates that impact specific population groups in the United States, cancer prevalence is the number of people diagnosed or living with cancer, and cancer incidence which is the number of new cancer cases in a population. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2013, there were an estimated 1,660,290 new cases of cancer and 580,350 of the new cases resulted in mortality. Individuals who have limited access to healthcare, health illiterate, and poverty stricken are more likely to develop cancer. This means a person’s socioeconomic status can determine the likelihood of their probability of developing cancer
Health Promotion Among the Hispanic Minority Health is determined in the nation by the minority health. "Approximately 36 percent of the population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group" (CDC, 2015).One of these are the "Hispanics or Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic minority population in the United States" (CDC, 2015). "About 1 in 6 people living in the US are Hispanic" (CDC, 2015). Therefore, this student will make the comparison between the status of the health of Hispanic minority and the nations ,barriers of health behavior This paper will compare the health status of the Hispanic minority with the nations, barriers to health seeking behaviors, and methods of promoting health among this population. Status of Health Among Hispanic Minority "Heart disease and cancer in Hispanics are the two leading causes of death, accounting for about 2 of 5 deaths, which is about the same for whites" (CDC, 2015). "Hispanics have more deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease than whites, and similar numbers of deaths from kidney disease" (CDC, 2015). Even though the percentage of Hispanics suffering from high blood pressure are17% in comparison to 20% of whites. Hispanics are 68% that suffered poorly controlled high blood pressure compare to whites which are 54%. Even though Health risks may vary among Hispanic subgroup and whether they are US born or not. Lower death rate is suffered by the Hispanic than whites .But Hispanic has about 50% higher death rate from diabetes. Many deaths may be prevented within the Hispanic population with an increase in education and health screening . Barriers to Health Promotion in the Hispanic Minority "Social factors may play a major role in Hispanic health" (CDC, 2015). According to the art...
The sample included 539 participants belonging to community-based organizations and Black churches. The criteria an individual had to meet to partake in this experiment included; African American that was 50 years of age or older, a resident within the Fayetteville/Cumberland county, willing to participate in both the faith/community-based educational program and the telephone follow-up interview to discuss their screening, and able to provide both verbal and written consent. Ultimately, the participants were assigned into two groups, an immediate intervention group or a delayed control group. While the control group did not receive the educational program initially, they were invited to receive it three months later. The participants were asked to fill out pre-test questionnaires in order to obtain personal and medical demographic information, as well as to evaluate their knowledge about colorectal cancer, whether or not they had screening in the past, and cancer fatalism attitudes. This same test was given to participants after the experiment as well.
Millions of Americans are living with hypertension. Collaboration of patients and providers to control the disease can help prevent life-threatening illnesses. Patient perceptions pertaining to an illness or disease can dictate one’s health behaviors, yet little attention has been directed toward the perceptions of Mexican American adults in relation to hypertension. Although hypertension is most prevalent among African Americans, Hispanics have higher rates of mortality due to poverty, cultural barriers, and customs affecting modifiable risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Without the proper treatment, many hypertensive patients may face devastating complications, including myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and blindness.
Health Care Disparities also need to be addressed through education and community outreach. Health Care organizations need to continuously conduct community outreach initiatives that focus on health and wellness goals for the target patient populations (Umbdenstock & Lofton, 2007). The information also needs to be presented in a format that that the target group will understand. In addition to, health care teams need to continuously undergo training that will assist in developing an overall cultural awareness aimed at achieving positive community
For these reasons, minorities often put off the expense of seeing a doctor until they have advanced disease and are past being easily treated. A lack of education, rural or inner city residence, unemployment, and low literacy rate may also contribute to higher cancer mortality rates for some communities. In several studies researchers investigates whether socioeconomic status is the reason for the disparity in prostate cancer incidence, where African Americans and Non- Hispanic Whites are the top two candidates for prostate cancer. Some results found that the highest level of cancer incidence was positively correlated with low socioeconomic status (Cheng, et al.,
Improving population health necessitates a variety of the contributions from health entities. These health entities can be state, local governments, hospitals, health centers, and community organizations. Unfortunately, these contributions and services are not equally distributed throughout the population. Lack of a supermarket in a neighborhood limits residents’ access to healthy food and other resources. Furthermore, ethnic minority and/or low-income communities are burdened with several health disparities such as greater risk for diseases, or limited access to healthcare services (Jackson, 2014). The National Cancer Institute reported that individuals from medically underserved population are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage diseases because they have inadequate resources to education, or health insurance. When an individual does not have adequate access to healthcare services, healthy disparity grows larger in the overall health of a
Another test for early detection of prostate cancer has been the digital rectal exam (DRE). Although DRE is a better method for early detection, it is also a hindrance among men, particularly African-American men, to screening and early detection (Plowden, 2009). According to American Cancer Society (ACS) and American Urological Association (AUA), the PSA and DRE should be offered annually for all men beginning at age 50 (Gray, 2009). However, they also recommend that African-American men with a family history of prostate cancer should begin testing by age 45 (Plowden, 2009). However, due to the cultural barriers to prostate screening such as lack of understanding, traditions, mist...