Teresa Mendonca and Pedro Lago of The University of Porto published an article titled, “PID control strategies for the automatic control of neuromuscular blockade,” describing how modified digital PID controllers were designed for the neuromuscular blockade. A study was done on 30 patients using the digital PID control system where data was collected. The results were favorable suggesting individually tailored parameters in PID controllers. The article described how the PID was implemented, which parameters were changed, and how the changes affected the results. However, the authors were ambiguous as to the approach and assumptions made when working in a dynamic biological system. Generally, a digital PID controller can be successfully implemented in neuromuscular blockade.
Complex biological systems are complicated to model and difficult to produce accurate control systems when by nature biological systems are dynamic, non-linear, and are highly variable from patient to patient. The convoluted nature of the systems indicates a vigorous and reliable control system is desired. This paper targeted to have a control system for a neuromuscular blockade, which is defined as a muscle relaxant drug given during certain types of surgery. Neuromuscular transmitters are blocked by the drug, thus not allowing the muscle to depolarize, aiding the surgeon when working with relaxed muscle. A neuromuscular blockade representation is most commonly modeled by a linear pharmacokinetic model including drug infusion rate, plasma concentration, and induced pharmaco-dynamic responses. The variety of inputs necessary to model a neuromuscular blockade indicated to the authors multiple attempts with several methods would be compulsory to have a thrivin...
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...erent published article by Waite in 1987 titled, “Neuromuscular blockade” published in Anesthesia. Therefore the results by Mendonca and Largo were verified and confirmed, leading the audience to believe the results are valid. Raw data was not given in the paper so further analysis and confirmation of results would have been impossible. However, verification by other sources resulting in similar results, such as the paper published by Wait, make the article under critique more credible. (2)
The authors of this piece described the problem in detail and adequately discussed the development of the individually tailored digital PID control system. Further research and more clinical trials can help further the control system and have a new goal for no manual control of the neuromuscular blockade. Overall, this article gave excellent insight in digital PID controllers.
The first area that we see monumental change is in the ability for dexterous movement. The greatest development in this area is found in the Free-hand system developed by the Neuro-Control Corp. The January 1998 issue of FDA consumer outlines the workings of this system. First, the external Shoulder Position Sensor translates shoulder movements into electronic signals. The signals then travel to the External Controller for processing, and then to the external Transmitting Coil for relay to the Implanted Stimulator, which sends electrical stimulation along implanted Electrode Leads to implanted Electrodes in prosthetic hand, making them contract. With the use of this system amputees are again able to perform tasks were once impossible. The only problem with this system as pointed out in the September 13th issue of people magazine is that each unit costs about $50,000 an amount which most insurance companies are unwilling to fork out.
The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about Wilder Penfield and his research over electric brain stimulation. This essay will give a brief biography of Wilder Penfield, a description of his research, and finally discuss the insight his experiments provided and the influence they had on our body and behavior in general.
This book has a detailed account of the discovery and controversy over anesthesia. I used this book mostly for its primary documents. It was extremely useful.
The skin technologies that have recently been created are astonishing. The remarkable breakthrough has made a huge advance in technology happen. Muscle and nerve control operation is when electrodes are permanently implanted into the nerves and muscles allowing the amputees limb to have total direct control. With this new muscle to nerve action
Robotic rehabilitation therapy can be a valuable tool for the recovery of patients who have suffered from a stroke or brain injury. Certain therapeutic robots can also help with Alzheimer, Autism and even Cancer. Robotic assisted rehabilitation therapy has the potential to enhance traditional techniques by improving precision and consistency, especially in therapies that involve repetitive movement. Moreover, therapeutic robots have the ability to record data that can be used to statistically measure a patient’s recovery and keep a track on their progress. This will enable therapists to optimize their treatment techniques according to the patient’s specific needs. Furthermore, robot assisted therapy does not need supervision which reduce...
The need for prosthetics has emerged over decades due to humans losing extremities whether through wars, for health reasons or simply because they were not born with them. Prosthetics are meant to provide the user with an artificial extremity that would perform to the same level as the original but this does not always necessarily occur especially when discusses hands. The issues with these devices is that they are not able to execute the caliber of control that user expect from a hand along with the price. This paper when discuss the parts of hand that assist in intricate actions and how it is difficult to translates these biological factors into mechanical parts. Understanding the biological versus mechanical units will allow for solutions that will better align with the heart of the problem. Then this paper will analyze the options that have been emerging over time to address the issue of lack of control to determine which method, if any, would be useful to implement.
Staff, Mayo Clinic. "General Ansthesia." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 19 Jan. 2013. Web. 01 Oct. 2013.
Volles, D. F. (2011, April 11). University of Virginia Health System Adult and Geriatric Sedation/Analgesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures. Retrieved May 12, 2011, from University of Virgina Health System: University of Virginia Health System Adult and Geriatric Sedation/Analgesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
This external computer is a signal decoder which decodes the signals from the motor cortex in a real time scenario. The second implant is a pulse generator simulator and has wireless triggering capabilities. The pulse generator is implanted at affected
To break the paralysis and end an attack, one must concentrate intensely on moving one small muscle, for example a finger.
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. Professional Aspects of Nurse Anesthesia Practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, 1994. Print.
Anesthesiologists face many issues, one of the most important being drug shortages. These drug shortages are on some of the most vital anesthetics, those used on a daily basis. These shortages result in numerous problems not only for the physicians, but also for the patients because it creates different side effects and creates hazards in the hospitals. Although still developing, some solutions have risen that might help alleviate the drug shortages even though they are not as effective as expected.
This is where means of a robotic device perform surgery– controlled by a human surgeon, which time and risk of complications are reduced. Virtual reality has been also being used for training purposes and, in the field of remote tele surgery in which the surgeon perform a surgery at a separate location to the patient. The main feature of this system is force feedback as the surgeon needs to be able to measure the amount of pressure to use when a delicate procedure is performed. However, there is an issue of time delay or latency which is a serious concern as any delay – can feel abnormal to the surgeon and interrupt the procedure. So there needs to be precise force feedback to prevent
...ally cynical about notions that are not physiologically observable, I am surprisingly excited by the idea of a neuromatrix and look forward to rethinking my pervious understandings of the nervous system's workings. It may be interesting to see how the I-function is involved with this process and why pain treatments such as biofeedback have been known to produce positive results.
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing) and sends signals to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs to the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control center, also known as the central nervous system, where information is