The sharpening filters could boost the image by changing it look more defined. In this paper, a comparison is toke place between the effects two sharpening filters on the reliability of the watermark in spatial domain image watermarking. These sharpening filters are the Laplacian and the high boost. These filters are applied before preforming watermark recovery algorithms. The difference between the watermark information and host image is amplified by these filters. Thus, watermark could recover considerably better by watermark recovery algorithm. A typical correlation based method is used as a representative of spatial domain watermarking methods. Several experiments are done to compare the effectiveness of these filters on correlation based watermarking algorithm.
Keywords: Image Sharpening; Laplacian Filter; High Boost Filter; Digital Image Watermarking; Correlation Based Watermarking; Spatial Domain Watermarking.
1.0 Introduction
With the expansion of the Internet, create the copy, transmit, and distribute the digital data becomes easy. Therefore, there is the high demand for trustworthy and secure copyright protection methods for digital data. The watermarking has been proposed as a valid solution for this problem. The purpose of the watermark is to insert some extra information about the digital data without visibly modifying it [1].
In the design of the watermarking algorithm always, there is a conflict between robustness and imperceptibility. The imperceptibility is the amount of decreases in signal quality; and the robustness is the ability of the watermark to persist readable after innocent or malicious signal processing operations on the watermarked image. These parameters are incompatible with each other, and they sho...
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..., and P. Raajan. "An Efficient Finger Print Enhancement Filtering Technique with High Boost Gaussian Filter (HBG)." International Journal 2, no. 11 2012.
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In this paper we have obtainable various aspects for digital watermarking like introduction, outline, techniques, and applications. Separately from it a brief and relative analysis of watermarking techniques is presented with their advantages and disadvantages which can help the new researchers in these areas. We also tried to classify the digital watermarking in all the known aspects like robustness, perceptivity, purpose, watermark type, domain, and detection process. In this paper we tried to give the whole information about the digital watermarking which will help the new researchers to get the maximum awareness in this domain.
By the 19th century, the criminology research scholars have had a keen interest in biometric identification, they hope to combine physical characteristics with criminal tendencies, which resulting in a series of measuring devices, and also collected a large amount of data. Since then, the concept of measuring a person's physical characteristics are finalized, fingerprints also become the identification of international methodological standards for public security agencies. People often debate whether fingerprints have absolutely unique, and also thought that the different countries have the different standard for identifying fingerprints. So far, it is still the most widely methods of public security organs, and the process is also automated.
Murphy, S.D. 2004. “Steganography--the New Intelligence Threat.” Marine Corps War College, Marine Corps University, Marine Corps Combat Development Command. Quantico: VA. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA520517 (accessed November 31, 3013).
Having the ability to identify types of prints and surfaces, and the corresponding techniques to develop the prints, has helped crime scene investigators identify criminals and victims of scenes, and aided in the prosecution of defendants in the criminal justice system. Although the history and techniques go far beyond what was discussed in these few pages, it is important as a law enforcement officer or investigator to understand the very basics of how fingerprint identification began, and the simple techniques used to develop them today.
This approach produces many obvious spurious minutiae in the reconstructed fingerprint, which can be easily detected. The fingerprint reconstruction (from minutiae) approach proposed by Feng et al. [4] takes advantage of the amplitude and frequency modulated (AM-FM) fingerprint model [6], in which the phase image is used to determine the ridges and minutiae. The phase image contains two parts: the continuous phase and the spiral phase (which corresponds to the minutiae). In [4], the authors propose to incorporate a piecewise planar model for the continuous phase reconstruction. This model predicts the continuous phase block by block based on the gradient of the continuous phase. The fingerprint is reconstructed by combining the continuous phase and the spiral phase, which has a good matching against the original fingerprint. However, the reconstructed fingerprint does not match well when compared with different impressions of the original fingerprint. Furthermore, the piecewise planar model introduces blocking affects in the continuous phase and the reconstructed fingerprint. For fingerprint with singularity, additional artifacts may appear in the reconstructed fingerprint due to the discontinuity in the continuous phase. The various applications of minutiae-based fingerprint recognition systems, it is very important to investigate to which extreme a reconstructed fingerprint can be similar to the original fingerprint. So as to prompt the research of counter measures a...
Mammography plays a vital role in early detection of breast cancers because it can show abnormalities in the breast up to two years before a patient or physician can feel them. The digital mammogram is analyzed with a combination of general image processing and computer vision algorithms combined with procedures which have been specially designed for the application. Mammography has provided reliable parameters for detecting breast tumor. Masses and calcifications are the most general breast deformities that may specify the occurrence of breast cancer. The other symptoms of breast cancer are architectural distortion and bilateral asymmetry, etc., Breast abnormalities are defined by an extensive range of features and may be easily overlooked or wrongly interpreted by radiologists while appraising large number of mammography images made available in screening programs. CAD and Computer Aided Diagnosis (CADX) tools are being designed to help the radiologists for providing an accurate diagnosis. CAD and CADX algorithms lend a hand in reducing the number of FPs and they help radiologists to make better decisions. This chapter gives a review of image processing algorithms that have been developed for detection of breast cancer.
At the first thought of steganography what is the first thing that pops into you mind? For me I would have to stay the court steganography. It is really the only way I heard steganography mention before, but after research I came to the realization that court steganography is just one part of the various types of steganography that there are. Steganography is the art of covered or hidden writing. The purpose of steganography is covert communication to hide a message from a third party (Gary). Going all the way back to the caveman error steganography exited. There form of usage were painting on the wall that they used to communicate with each other. Some were simpler than others to understand others are still being coded as I write on this
The proposed multimodel segmentation was tested with almost all combination of mass shapes and margins in CC and MLO views and the segmented abnormal region was verified with ground truth table images in which abnormality marked by radiologist in the DDSM database. Further feature extraction methods and classifier has to be developed for fully automated diagnosis CAD system. Further study has to be carried out to test the algorithm for the segmentation of micro calcifications.
An Advanced Imaging Modality, such as diagnostic mammography, holds the attention of radiographers everywhere. Diagnostic mammography has more benefits than the public realize. The images taken using digital imaging are stored directly on a computer. A diagnostic mammography may similarly offer changes between normal and abnormal tissues that would be more certainly noted because of an enlarged image that was too blurry to see on a screening mammogram. The amount of follow-up exams needed may be fewer. This in turn means that a smaller amount pictures
The large width Gaussian masks are not preferred as detector's sensitivity to noise is low and moreover, the localization error in the detected edges also increases with increase in Gaussian mask width. Step 2:- After the initial pre-processing steps of smoothening and removal of noise, the edge strength is calculated by taking the gradient of the image. For the purpose of edge detection in an image, the Sobel operator first performs a 2-D spatial gradient measurement with the help of convolution masks. The convolution masks used are of the size 3X3, where one is used to calculate the horizontal gradient(Gx) while the other is used to calculate the vertical gradient(Gy). Then, the approximate absolute edge strength can be calculated at each point.
The word steganography comes from the Greek name “steganos” which means hidden or secret, and the word graphy, which means writing or drawing. Put them together, and it literally translates to mean “hidden writing” (Richer, 2010). According to Dictionary.com, steganography is “the art of writing in cipher, or in characters, which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.” In the modern use of the word, steganography means the practice of hiding messages within larger messages so that others cannot detect what the message contains, or even that the message is there. It replaces redundant bits in images or other media with secret information from the hidden message. The redundant bits are used because they can be changed without making a noticeable change in the image or sound file.
The ACE-V method that has been in use by fingerprint expert examiners (which has been the subject of controversy) has had several objections raised against them, some of which according to [2] are:
Codes have been around for centuries ranging from wax, invisible ink, Morse code, the Enigma used by the Germans during World War II and now steganographic. Steganography is the latest form to insidiously hide information over the Internet without a trace of a file being altered. You are able to hide messages within images, voice or music. Steganography is an ancient method of hiding messages. Today messages are hidden in images and music. Steganography can be traced back to the ancient Greek who would write messages on tablets and cover them in wax. This made the tablets look blank and unsuspicious (Kolata, F4). Citizens of ancient civilizations would tattoo messages on their shaved heads. They would then let their hair grown in and travel across enemy lines to deliver the message (Seper, G1). During World War II the Allies placed a ban on flower deliveries with dates, crossword puzzles and even report cards (Kolata, F4) for fear of a message being hidden with in. Steganographers first alter their data by using encryption and then place the image into a pre-select image. Steganographers look for a piece of code that would be the least significant and look the least altered to the human eye (Kolata, F4), being as inconspicuousness and random as possible. This makes the messages undetectable unless you knew that there is a message hidden and you were able to crack the code.
For thousands of years cryptography and encryption have been used to secure communication. Military communication has been the leader of the use of cryptography and the advancements. From the start of the internet there has been a greater need for the use of cryptography. The computer had been invented in the late 1960s but there was not a widespread market for the use of computers really until the late 1980s, where the World Wide Web was invented in 1989. This new method of communication has called for a large need for information security. The internet allows people to communicate sensitive information, and if received into the wrong hands can cause many problems for that person.
The ability to alter images can open creative outlets for photographers and In turn, produce better quality work. Any photog...