A Communication scheme is said to be secure if it is capable to protect the data from any kind of eavesdropping. Scrambling is a technique which is used to obscure the content of transmission and is mainly employed in data hiding, water marking and encryption applications for providing information security against illegal surveillance and wire tapping. In the time domain scrambling process, a segment of time domain samples are taken and scrambles them into a different segment of samples. This scrambled data is transmitted and at the receiving end it is descrambled into its original form. The scrambling and descrambling operations are based on a scrambling/descrambling matrix. The disadvantage of earlier audio scrambling matrices constructed by pseudorandom sequences cite{lin2007secure}, Hadamard transform cite{senk1997new}, Fibonacci transform cite{nan2004audio} etc., is that, since these matrices are invariable, they could easily be deciphered. Some improved algorithms such as stochastic matrix cite{li2010n} and latin square cite{satti2009multilevel} were developed to overcome this problem, but they result in heavy transmission load. Speech compression methods like G.729 mixed excitation linear prediction (MELP) and adaptive multi-rate (AMR) cite{servetti2002perception} audio codec are then employed along with the process of scrambling to reduce the transmission load, but these methods shows low robustness in the presence of noise.
The degree of security of a scrambling algorithm depends on residual intelligibility and key space. Residual intelligibility is the amount of intelligibility left over in the scrambled signal. The lower the residual intelligibility of a scrambling method, the higher its degree of security. S...
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...number of samples. More specifically, if a signal is composed of a linear combination of $ T $ vectors, we can reconstruct the signal using $ kT $ samples, where $ k $ is a small positive integer formed as random linear combinations of the $ N $ original samples. It is then clear that if $ κT $ is much smaller than $ N $, we have achieved a compression provided the level of sparsity is known a priori. Compressive sensing uses random measurements in a basis that is incoherent with the sparse basis. Incoherence cite{donoho2006compressed} means that no element of one basis has a sparse representation in terms of the other basis. CS has found applications in many areas such as image processing, spatial localization, medical signal processing etc.. In addition, CS is particularly suited to multiple sensor scenarios, making it a good choice for wireless sensor networks.
... that the encoding system by W. K. Wong, D. W. Cheung, E. Hung, B. Kao, and N. Mamoulis in [24] can be broken without using context-specific information. The success of the attacks in [25] mainly relies on the existence of unique, common, and fake items, defined by W. K. Wong, D. W. Cheung, E. Hung, B. Kao, and N. Mamoulis in [24]; our scheme does not create any such items, and the attacks by Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas in [5] are not applicable to our scheme. Tai et al. [9] assumed the attacker knows exact frequency of single items, similarly to us.
Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, excluding the sender and deliberated recipient, suspects the message existence , a form of security through obscurity. Steganography techniques can be utilized to images, a video file or an audio file. Typically, steganography is written in characters including hash marking, but its usage within images is also usual. At any rate, steganography secures from pirating copyrighted materials as well as aiding in unauthorized viewing. In this paper, performance analysis of image steganography based on 2 level and 4 level DWT associated to colored images is done. Performance analysis of steganography is done for selecting better wavelet for application by analyzing Peak Signal Noise Ratio(PSNR) of different wavelet families like Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal & Meyer wavelet(dmey) on result oriented basis using Matlab environment..
In this paper we give you a summary of the recent attacks which are performed by adversary on ECC. While we don’t have the intension to provide you new attack but still we describe here a wide range of attacks on ECC. We strongly believe that keeping in mind all the previous attacks, algorithm designers can design and implement a best security on ECC. We can use it in early stage of the development.
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.
Cryptography has been used for thousands of years for storing hidden messages in writing (Davies, 1997). Cryptography itself is part of cryptology, which also includes cryptanalysis. Cryptanalysis involves the attempt to obtain the original message from an encrypted message, but without determining the algorithms or knowing the keys that created the original encrypted message. Cryptography, which is the topic of this paper, is the actual development of the encrypted messages, and using codes to create secure communication of information (Whitman & Mattord, 2011).
Digital representation provides better efficiency and accuracy of copying, storing and distributing content via the internet. This improvement of digital technology helped the data to easily duplicated and rapidly delivered to a big number of users with minimum expense. This technology has become the most popular way to distribute multimedia content. Digital Right Management (DRM) is a technology used by publishers, copyright holders to restrict the illegal media conception, copying and redistribution. But sometimes it is insufficient to protect the multimedia data. Here is the actual use of the digital watermarking technology. Watermarking is a technology in which a hiding a digital data inside the host signal. Thus it will help to verifying the authority or integrity of the host signal.
Image can likewise be taken as a medium yet sound steganography is additionally difficult in light of the attributes of human sound-related framework like vast power,dynamic scope of listening to and extensive scope of discernable recurrence. Today's innovation permits the duplicating and redistribution of sound documents over the Internet at a low or pretty much no expense. So it is important to have routines that limits access to these sound documents furthermore for its security. Subsequently, generally Information is inserted in Audio records with the end goal of copyright insurance or for confirmation of computerized media. In a PC based audio Steganography framework, secret messages are installed in computerized sound. In Audio Steganography, the weakness of the Human Auditory System (HAS) is used to hide information in the audio
In the world, where security breaches and information stealing occurs more frequently, a service offering a secure data storage is a significant factor of a security arrangement. Encryption is simply stated as the practice of systematic information scrambling, so that it can be unscrambled later [10]. Data encryption interprets data into a different form, or cryptograph, so that a person holding a secret key (i.e. a decryption key) or password can access that data. The encrypted data is known as cipher text, whereas the unencrypted data is termed as plaintext. Presently, encryption is considered as one of the most effective data security technique and is widely used by a number of organizations for the purpose of secure and reliable transmission of data containing secret information. Asymmetric encryption and Symmetric encryption are two main types of encryption techniques.
・Digital Signatures. It bundle the specific key and the message which will transmit. Then transmit the scrambled message with the specific key which is uses for decipher. And the key itself is encrypted...
Two simple techniques for encrypting information are: symmetric encryption (also called secret key encryption) and asymmetric encryption (also called public key encryption). Symmetric algorithms are faster, but the main problem associated with this algorithm is key distribution. On the other hand, asymmetric encryption eliminates key security problem, but these algorithms take too much time for encryption and decryption. Certain systems use asymmetric encryption for secure key exchange joined with symmetric algorithms for rapid data encryption. One of highly regarded symmetric algorithms is AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), AES is encryption standard recognized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Due to growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of images.Encryption is one of the ways to ensure high securityImages are used in many fields such as medical science, military; they are stored or transfer through network, security of such image data is important.This work proposes a novel scheme for the security of such images by the method of separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images. In the first phase, a content owner encrypts the original uncompressed image using an encryption key. Then, a data-hider may compress the least significant bits of the encrypted imageusing a data-hiding key to create a sparse space to accommodate some additionaldata.With an encrypted image containing additional data, if a receiverhas the data-hiding key, he can extract the additional data thoughhe does not know the image content. If the receiver has the encryption key,he can decrypt the received data to obtain an image similar to the originalone, but cannot extract the additional data. If the receiver has both thedata-hiding key and the encryption key, he can extract the additional dataand recover the original content without any error by exploiting the spatialcorrelation in natural image when the amount of additional data is not toolarge.
Symmetric cryptography, also known as secret key cryptography, has been in use for thousands of years in forms ranging from simple substitution ciphers(figures) to more complex developments. Be that as it may, improvements in science and the development of computing power have made it possible to make ciphers(figures) that are effectively unbreakable and secured. Symmetric frameworks are for the most part quick however are powerless so the key used to encrypt must be imparted to whomever needs to decrypt the message. The IBM-created figure DES has been generally utilized yet is presently toward the finish of its helpful life and is expected for substitution. Whatever figure designers use in their applications, it's vital to consider the
“There are two kinds of cryptography that will stop unauthorized personal from reading sensitive files. Cryptographic strength is measured in the time and resources it would require recovering the plaintext. The result of strong cryptography is ciphertext that is very
In this paper we will be presenting the survey of various data hiding techniques in image steganography to facilitate the secure data transmission over the communication channels.
In Today’s world, with the increasing popularity of several types of internet and communication technologies more information is transmitted over the network, due to which the security of the content being transmitted becomes one of the important issue which should be taken into consideration. The content being transmitted may be digital data, images, text, etc. So to prevent this digital data to be interfered and forged by unauthorized parties is one of the most critical demands in computer’ era. The sender on the network should have to take the security issues into consideration specially when transmitting the secret information before enjoying the services provided by the interne. So in order to provide security mechanism, the technique used is the cryptography. Cryptography is a art of protecting information by encrypting it into the unreadable format i.e. the cipher text. It is the technique of secure transmission in the presence of third parties and is employed in protecting integrity or secrecy of electronic messages by converting them into unreadable (cipher text) form More g...