There are many characteristics and challenges that should be taken into consideration when developing multicast routing protocols, like the dynamically changing network topology, limitation of network scalability. There are different types of protocols like unicast protocols [1], [2], cluster based protocols [3] In this paper we discuss about multicast routing for vehicular Ad hoc network which is different from other Ad Hoc networks [4]. Generally there are two types of multicast routing protocols in wireless networks. Tree-based multicast routing protocol, mesh based routing protocol [5]-[8]. In the tree-based multicasting, structure can be very much unstable in multicast ad-hoc routing protocols, as it needs frequent re-configuration in dynamic network. One such example is Multicast extension for Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) and Adaptive Demand- Driven Multicast Routing protocol (ADMR). The second type is mesh-based multicast protocol. Mesh-based multicast routing protocols are more than one path may exist between a source destination pair, Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) and On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) are an example for these type of classification[9]. One approach to multicast is to maintain a multicast tree in straight roads. Existing protocols for multicasting encounters quite a lot of troubles in mesh maintenance and regular reconfiguration when link breakage occurs. The extreme dependency of these protocols on upstream and downstream nodes leads to storage and control overhead. Furthermore, various protocols consider the shortest path as a decisive factor for path selection, Existing forwarding state for the multicast distribution mesh for the source and the group. The nonexistence of data...
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...eed, then the node rediscovers the mesh and stable route. A forwarding node is always present in the network therefore the packet delivery ratio of proposed is high.
IV CONCLUSION
This paper proposed link stability based hop by hop multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The main goals of LSHBH are to maintain stable tree structure, by reducing receiver departures, and to construct low-cost trees, to reduce administrative costs and to lower error rate. Simulation is done over a large number of VANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Finally, the simulations results confirm effectiveness of our proposed protocol in efficient multicast delivery in terms of packet delivery ratio, less control overheads. However in the future, we will seek better multicast routing with new smart scheme.
Routing protocols for high dynamic topology: the topology of the network is highly dynamic underwater because nodes move passively with water currents. These routing protocols are designed for sensor networks with dynamic topology like UWSNs.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a distance vector routing protocol, where a router shares information with neighboring routers about the network in an autonomous system and shares only the information that neighboring routers don’t have instead of the whole message. It is an enhanced version of Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, both of them uses the same distant vector technology and the distance information within them is not changed.
Johnson, D., Maltz, D. (1996). Dynamic Source Routing in Ad-hoc Wireless network. Print ISBN: 0 79239697 0
IPv6 has no fixed compatibility with IPv4. Therefore, from the beginning of the introducing IPv6, several transition techniques have been provided, The IPv6 transition mechanisms are a set of rules applied in hosts and routers, with some effective strategies for addressing and deployment, which are designed to transmit from IPv4 to IPv6 or vice versa with the least interferences. But some of these techniques had not been accepted by internet technical community due to the lack of adequate technical reliabilities. The most successful and widely used transition methods probably are Dual stack, Tunneling and Translation techniques. In the Dual stack technique, both IPv4 and IPv6 can perform concurrently on the same foundation. However, they both can use the same router but not all of the IPV4 policies are supported by IPv6 and in these cases other techniques can be used (Jayasekara et al, 2012). One of these techniques is tunneling, in this method IPv6 packets will be encapsulated in IPv4 packets to transfer across an IPv4 infrastructure. Furthermore, it can be said that several different tunneling technologies have been developed to enable IPv6 connectivity across an IPv4 network and vice versa, generally they have been classified as configured or automatic (Rooney, 2011)In automatic tunnels no pre-configuration is needed and the destination address will be calculated automatically from the IPv6 next-hop address of the IPv6 route, while in configured techniques the end-point hosts will require to configure their IPv4 addresses before the communications through some other techniques such as DHCP, manual configuration...etc. (Loshin, 1999). Another popular technique is translation, in this approach a special method will be provided to...
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol which uses link state routing algorithm for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.Using OSPF, th convergence of a network can be done in very few seconds, loop-free paths can be guaranteed and better load-sharing on external links can be achievd. Every change in the topology of the network is identified within seconds using OSPF and it instantaneously computes the “shortest path tree” for every route using “Dijkstra's algorithm” . For that reason, OSPF requires a router which have a more powerful processor and more memory than any other routing protocols which leads to more elect...
The variations in connection methods by topology bring about their differences in layout and functionality. A Mesh connects multiple sites unlike any of the other mentioned topologies. A Star topology connects at a central point using an intelligent hub or switch, whereas none of the others utilize a central connection point. The Bus and Ring topologies are most similar in that the nodes on the network are responsible for receiving, regenerating, and retransmitting messages.
When it comes to getting network traffic from point A to point B, no single way suits every application. Voice and video applications require minimum delay variation, while mission-critical applications require hard guarantees-of-service and rerouting.
Perhaps the most redundant, fault-tolerant of all network topologies is the mesh LAN. Each node is connected to every other node for a true point-to-point connection between every device on the network.
Robust Vehicular Routing Protocol (ROVER) [9] is geographical multicast protocol. In ROVER, control packets are using broadcasting and data packets are using unicasting mechanism. The main goal of this protocol is to broadcast a message to all presented vehicles in the specified zone of relevance (ZOR). ZOR can be designate as a rectangle specified by its corner coordinates. In this, a message can be described by using three terms called triplet (application, message, ZOR). If the vehicle within its ZOR and received a message then it accepts that message.
Despite its simplicity and reliability the bus network does have several limitations. The cable length of the bus is limited due to data loss. Also, a bus network may have performance issues if the nodes are located a...
The next group of routing protocols utilize the exact location of the sensor nodes for the purpose of routing. The nodes geographic location can be obtained directly by using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices or indirectly through exchanging some information regarding to the signal strengths received at each node. Since the localization imposes significant computation overhead and also requires special hardware support, this approach becomes infeasible to be used in resource constrained wireless sensor networks. Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing (GEAR) and Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) can be referred as the geographic routing protocols.
The primary goal in routing multicast connections is to make efficient use of the network resources and to establish fast connections for data transmission. The network is often defined by a graph G(V,E) . Multicast routing protocols are been used in practical systems such as multicast backbone(M bone).M bone chooses the shortest path to each destination using the IP routing mechanism.Multicast routing in ATM Switch performs two basic functions such as switch and queuing.
The next network topology is the Bus topology. Bus topologies consist normally of one backbone or one transport media that all of the nodes are connected to. The linear bus configuration has only two end points and any information being transmitted through the network is received by all of the nodes simultaneously. Although networks based on a bus topology are relatively inexpensive to set up, they do not scale well. When you try to add mor...
Mueller S, Tsang T, Ghosal D, Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Issues and Challenges,Accessed on May 21 2014,
The nodes in Ad hoc network are free to move in random fashion within the network region due to which the network topology changes randomly or dynamically. This random movement of nodes plays an important role on the performance of routing protocols[30,31]. Considering the node mobility feature it is essential to choose a suitable routing protocol based on the network environment. Because the nodes are mobile in nature and are moving randomly anywhere so its an important issue, to get a valid route between a source and destination node of the network[20,21,22].