Cervical cancer is one cancer which can be prevented in our world today. Women need to know what causes cervical cancer along with the signs and symptoms to look for. The Pap smear screening is the test which can find cervical cancer. It is a cancer to which age does not really matter. Most women are in the menopausal phase of life when this cancer occurs. This cancer does not care about age because it does affect younger women. “Cervical Cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide” (Adegoke, Kulasingam &Virnig, 2012). There are several aspects of cervical cancer that females need information about. First they need to know the risk factors and what kinds of cervical cancer there are. They also need to know the screenings they should be getting and the treatments that are available when positive screening is diagnosed. Some of the risk factors are an abnormal Pap, HPV infection, cigarette smoking, low SES, obesity, long term use of oral contraceptive and becoming sexually active at an early age. An abnormal Pap is one of the first signs that a woman has something wrong. Women need to make sure that they go to their gynecologist. HPV strains which cause cervical cancer can be 16, 18, 31, and 45. The strains can come from having unprotected sex or being a young person having sex with more than one person. “Early cervical cancer rarely produce any symptoms. If symptoms are present, they may go unnoticed as thin watery vaginal discharge often noticed after intercourse or douching. When symptoms such as discharge, irregular bleeding, or pain or bleeding after sexual intercourse occur, the disease may be advanced. Advanced disease should not occur if all women have access to gynecologic care and avail themselves of it. In... ... middle of paper ... ... Wilkins. Frazier, M. S., & Drymkowski, J. W. (2013). Essentials of human diseases and conditions. (5th ed., pp. 630-632). St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. Nelson, W., Moser, R. P., Gaffey, A., & Waldron, W. (2009). Adherence to cervical cancer screening guidelines for u.s. women aged 25-64: Data from the 2005 health information national trends survey (hints). Journal of women's health, 18(11), 1759-1768. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1430 Cooper, C. P. P., Polonec, L., & Gelb, C. A. (2011). Women's knowledge and awareness of gynecologic cancer: a multisite qualitative study in the united states. Journal of Women's Health, 20(4), 517-524. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2765 Adegoke, O., Kulasingam, S., & Virnig, B. (2012). Cervical cancer trends in the united states: a35-year population-based analysis. Journal of Women's Health, 21(10), 1031-1037. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3385
“Approximately 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million people become newly infected each year.” (CDC, 2013).
Mirkin, Gabe. "Eva Peron and Cervical Cancer." DrMirkin.com. The Lancet, 3 June 2000. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. .
Peripheral blood samples were collected from 150 individuals for use in this study. 77 of the 150 samples were collected from individuals with histologically confirmed cervical carcinoma. 25 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage I cervical carcinoma. 23 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage II cervical carcinoma. 18 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage III cervical carcinoma. 11 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage IV cervical carcinoma. 73 of the 150 samples were collected from healthy individuals with no cervical carcinoma. Ten cervical carcinoma sera samples and eight normal sera samples were used to biopan; the remaining 67 cervical carcinoma samples and 65 normal samples were used to evaluate predictive value by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Total RNA was extracted from the sample cells using the acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method using Trizol as the reagent. Random hexamers were used in cDNA synthesis. BMI-1 was amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The PCR products were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm appropriate size and sequencing. Cells were washed and
World wide, it is estimated that cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women with an estimated 530,000 new cases in 2012 representing 7.5% of all female cancer deaths.(Foran et al 2015)
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
Adams, Heather P., and Erica L. Carnright. "HPV Infection And Cervical Cancer Prevention." Clinician Reviews 23.9 (2013): 42-50. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013
They also go on to say, “Two HPV types (16 and 18) cause 70% of cervical cancers and precancerous cervical lesions.” The most common forms of cancer caused by HPV are cervical cancers, anal cancer, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers, and have been seen to cause oropharyngeal cancer (National Cancer Institute). Some are more common than others and they are also less dangerous. Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV. According to the World Health Organization, “In 2008, there were an estimated 529,000 new cases and 274, 00 deaths due to cervical cancer.” HPV is very dangerous and it is something that has to be taken
She states that she did not even know she had cervical cancer because she did not get any symptoms whatsoever. It was very unreal to her it had nearly ruin her whole life she did not think she would have been the one to have this certain type of cancer and sense she had said that it sound too good to be true she kept on insisting on it ever since November thru December she have gotten so many positron emission tomography scan (pet scan) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) so come to find out she had cervical
Effective cancer screening methods are used to detect or identify the presence of a specific cancer before the individual displays any symptoms of cancer. Early detection of a cancer through screening can save the life of a person who may have died without screening detection. Early detection of cancer can also provide a less costly and more effective treatment than if the cancer progresses requiring more advanced or drastic treatment. Screenings tests for the more common cancers such as breast, colon, prostate or cervical can be non-invasive or only slightly invasive. The majority of screening procedures are non-invasive which is more cost effective, patient convenient, and does not require any patient aftercare. Screening tests usually have a recommended age and frequency. As people age there is a higher risk of cancer and more screening is recommended. There are some considerations on whether to screen or not to screen such as; is the cancer common or fatal, are there detectable symptoms, and how reliable are the test results (Bast, 2000).
Every year, eight hundred Australian women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, despite it being one of the most preventable diseases out there. Think about it: That could be your sister, best friend or even you.
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death of the women population. Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that happens in most women that go through the stage of menopause, and takes place in women’s reproductive system. In 1994, about 24,000 new cases of ovarian cancer were diagnosed. Following that around 13,600 women died because of the disease. Throughout the years since 2006 the age group that it was mostly found in has changed, rising in the younger crowd. Ovarian cancer often spreads early without any known symptoms. Because it starts in the ovary tissue it soon spreads to the abdomen captivity and then makes it way to the bowels and bladder. In deeper stages it will move to the areas that may be the cause of fatalities, lungs and liver.
Almost 263,020 oral cavity cancers, and 127,654 oral cancer deaths occur worldwide each year1. On January 1, 2010, in the US there were approximately 275,193 women and men alive who had a history of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (181,084 men and 94,109 women)2. The 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades3. Individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer (OC) are mainly older, males, heavy users of alcohol and tobacco, and have a poor diet and low socioeconomic status4, 5. Recent studies have implicated HPV infection as an independent risk factor for oro-pharyngeal cancers6, 7. For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of HPV remains controversial8.
Uterine cancer is an important women health problem developing rapidly, killing over 200,000 women each year. No one has discovered the actual cause, but there is a leading factor that has great suspicions to what is causing this cancer to grow rapidly.