INTRODUCTION
Culture can be seen as a basis for understanding and assessment of human activities and areas of interest, and has been defined by many scholars in different aspects. However, they still have many similarities which often reflect the religious and historical. In the past fifty years, there have been dramatic growths in the economic and political communications across the country, and the immigrants result interleaving or collision across cultures (Tung, 2008). As a result, if the decision makers misunderstood or ignored cultural backgrounds of different nations, it might probably be a high risk of the collapse of the enterprise. In this period of international business, it is essential to comprehend and adapt to cross-cultural issues by the use of the Internet. In global markets, especially with organizations in another country, culture has become critical to the success of the corporation. It must be dealt with cohesion and wisdom. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to compare the three cross-cultural researches from a commercial perspective, to identify cultural differences affect the way of doing business internationally. The results of business ethics and cultural differences will be talked in the two sections of this article.
METHODOLODY
Quantitative research has been used in all of the three articles. They have largely been based on questionnaires and focus on group discussions. The data in the article from Rashid & Ibrahim (2008) were analyzed by descriptive statistics, such as standard deviation, Chi-square tests, t-test, one-way ANOVA & MANOVA. In addition, Chi-square tests have been also used by Ralston & Pearson (2010) during the research as well. Furthermore, there have been great differen...
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...ional Climate, and Leadership on Ethical Decision-Making', Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 2, pp. 317-331, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Retrieved: 28th, March, 2014.
Ralston, D, & Pearson, A 2010, 'The Cross-Cultural Evolution of the Subordinate Influence Ethics Measure', Journal of Business Ethics, 96, 1, pp. 149-168, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Retrieved: 31st, March, 2014.
Rashid, M, & Ibrahim, S 2008, 'the Effect of Culture and Religiosity on Business Ethics: A Cross-cultural Comparison', Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 4, pp. 907-917, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Retrieved: 4th, April, 2014.
Tung, RL 2008, 'The cross-cultural research imperative: the need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity', Journal Of International Business Studies, 39, 1, pp. 41-46, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Retrieved: 11th, April, 2014.
In business, creating a culture of ethical behavior and productivity are two of the most important elements in daily operations. There are deferring opinions on how to establish those standards. One standard is universal in which human rights are general and should apply to every human being or having a one-size fits all standard of practice (Hugh, M.C., 2002). For example, an organization could great a set of ethical standards that universal and standard to apply to its members. However, the opposing view is cultural relativism, where the view that all values are meaningful only within specific cultures (Hugh, M.C., 2002). In other words, each culture defines what is right and what is wrong. Applying this to business, an organization can create ethical standards that are specific to their service line and provide specificity to members about their services, behavior, and social
Do you agree with Schmeltekopf that business schools are not preparing students well for the for the ethical challenges they will face in the workplace? Why or why not?
[3] Mike Schminke, Maureen Ambrose, and Donald Neubaum (2005), “The Effect of Leader Moral Development on Ethical Climate and Employee Attitudes,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 2: 135-151.
Explain the connection between the economic model of corporate social responsibility and “free market” or “neoclassical” economic theory.
Every individual has certain values and ethics that he/she stands by. Values give us a sense of what is important while ethics gives us a sense of what is right and wrong. Together, these qualities help guide us through our everyday life: what actions to take and what decision to make. Sticking to ethical standards allows you to stay clear of trouble; therefore, strengthening people’s trust in you. In return, this leads to gaining people’s respect and cooperation, which may result in leadership responsibilities. Therefore, we believe that personal values and ethics will affect a person’s career success. However, there are times where individuals will make unethical choices--some situations might question your resolve. This can be caused by
Having an ethical climate is important because it directly reflects the ethical behavior of organizational leaders. Consequently, it can be viewed as an extension of organizational culture, which ultimately dictates organizational behavior (Boundless, 2014). Therefore, if an organization
Based on Richard R. Gesteland book, the patterns of cross-cultural business behavior can be categorized into deal-focus vs. relationship-focus, informal vs. formal cultures, rigid-time vs. fluid-time cultures, and emotionally expressive vs. emotionally reserved cultures. Those four categories need to be learned by business people to solve the cross-culture problem. Furthermore, there will be some elucidations regarding the patterns of cross-cultural business behavior.
Companies are better able to produce timely customized products and services that reflect the local ethnicity when the business is located within the country. (Management eBook, 2010) Global organizations have a competitive advantage over domestic only companies; they are able to attract and retain better employees; they offer growth opportunities and insulat...
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Hence, firms do enough preparation when doing business between countries across clusters. People and places differ, and hence in global business the managers need to be well aware of the cultural differences in the areas they are concerned with. They need to develop skills to efficiently interact with other cultures when doing business. For example, a Japanese manager needs to know how to interact with a manager in the United States, and vice versa to ensure a smooth interaction between those business divisions. Decent awareness of different cultures helps managers to interact without hurting the values, relationship of people from other cultures. They will be able to effectively judge by including their behaviors as well when interpreting communication with a manager from different culture. With decent cultural awareness managers will be able to take better decisions without biasing to a cultural side, i.e. manager will be able to take intelligent decisions by considering all the nuances of the other culture. (Rugman & Collinson,
With the rapid growth in globalization there are a number of firms who have taken their businesses abroad. Their challenge, cross cultural management and communication. An effective communication strategy begins first with understanding who the sender of the message is and who the receiver of the message is. Many companies have realized this and offer training in the different cultures to help better facilitate communication between leaders (Cross-Cultural Communication, mindtools.com). Without this basic understand between sender and receiver it can be very difficult for companies of multicultural to even begin to communicate. The second important understanding is that leaders must demand a cultural tolerance of acceptable behavior between cultures to facilitate effective communication (Cross-Cultural Communication, mindtools.com).
The differences in other cultures vary from beliefs to ways of life, or norms, of the different societies. The importance of understanding and sensitivity to other countries’ differences is crucial to a business’ success. “Lack of familiarity with the business practices, social customs, and etiquette of a country can weaken a co...
Ethics is the study of right or wrong and the morality of the choices that individuals make. That basicly means the set of morals or responsibility that a person, group, or field have. Ethics can also be classified as code of morals. In business there are ethics that portray to business. These are called business ethics, business ethics just happen to be the application of ethics, morals, into the business field. Some examples of business ethics are obeying all rules and regulations even when nobody 's looking, which is pretty self explanatory, you shouldn’t be breaking rules. Even if it is as simple as washing your hands after you use the restroom or straight up lying to your customers, they are the ones making you money so if they find out
Sonderberg, A-M & N Holden. (2002), Rethinking cross cultural management in a globalizing business world' International Journal of Cross Culture Management 2(1): 103-121
Combining these points, the globalized society presents enormous opportunity for businesses. Intercultural marketplaces allow for differing demographics, larger market potential, a more diverse customer base (and therefore more diverse product offering), and a highly valuable human resource potential. On the other end of the bargain, managers are tasked with localizing products and services effectively in a way that minimizes the adverse cultural and environmental effects caused by this rapid global expansion to maintain an ethical operation.