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an essay on the essence of budgeting
budgeting as a tool for proper management
an essay on the essence of budgeting
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Budget Management Analysis
This research paper is a brief discussion of budget management analysis. Budgeting is the key to financial management, and is the key to translates an organization goals or plan into money. Budgeting is a rough estimate of how much a company will need to get their work done, and provides the basis for evaluating performance, a source of motivation, coordinating business activities, a tool for management communication and instructions to employees. Without a budget an organization would be like a driver, driving blinded without instructions or any sense of direction, that’s how important a budget is to every organization and individual likewise (Clark, 2005).
There are several expense results with budget expectations such as, the expense budget, revenue budget, capital expenditure budget, cash budget and the program budget. Within this paper, the researcher will outline the basic ideas of how each budget work, and reasons as to why they are needed within an organization.
The revenue budget is based on forecasting future sales within an organization. With these forecasting future sales, it gives managers the opportunity to compare with other competitors and to effectively plan sales forecast and other relevant factors. Budgeting allows companies to make adequate estimates of how large a volume of items are needed, and how to select appropriate prices for sales. Secondly, we have the expense budget. This type of budget is found in all departments of an organization. Expense budgets deal with the primary activities undertaken by a company, to achieve their desired goals. Managers of each department should pay special attention to so-called fixed expenses that will remain relatively unchanged ...
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...or organizational planning process. Several aspects of budget management are, decisions on how money is to be allocated; influence staffing levels; purchase materials and equipment; and the continuing of new technology programs. Each department managers need to be aware of organizational priorities, the impact on services, and new development in their company. Budgeting is a potential weapon to assess company’s financial situations, and tailored its revenue and expenditures for the coming year, in a manner that will help accomplish their projections. For a budget to stay on target, it has to be monitored on a continual basis that will keep track of everyday expenses, sales achievements, analyze debts, the control of cash flow between departments, and apply any type of corrective measures to accomplish a set goal within that organization (NAF, 2006).
References
I attended the Saturday Lab 1 session discussing the Denison Specialty Hospital case study. In our session, we had a through discussion into the different budget terminology. I learned about the difference between accrual and cash accounting methods, which is based on the timing of when the revenue and expenses are recognized. I also learned about responsibility centers as an organizational unit under the supervision of a manager, who is responsible for its activities and results. In addition, the manager is accountable for the budget of the department that they head. Therefore, a centralized form of management in developing the budget because it makes easier to because the information for the department budget is located
Operating budgets are budgets that deal mainly with the day-to-day operations of a facility. This may include wages, utilities, rent, and items purchased that have the intent of lasting less than a year (Johnston, n.d). This type budget provides the needed information regarding the cash on hand needed to operate the facility during a fiscal year. Capital expenditure budgets deal with more long term items such as equipment or property. As stated by Johnston (n.d.), it is necessary to have a capital budget for continued growth of the business. You complete this task by purchasing assets that produce an income. Capital expenditure budget have the potential to cover a five- to ten-year period (Baker & Baker, 2014, p.174). Items included in the capital expenditure budget may also include loan interest and bondholder's interest. The operating budget and the capital expenditure budget interact with one another. To demonstrate an example: a healthcare facility purchases a chemistry analyzer for its clinical laboratory. The chemistry analyzer is placed in the capital expenditure budget, but the maintenance for the analyzer is placed in the operational budget. The capital expenditure expense is the chemistry analyzer, but the materials used to maintain the chemistry analyzer are operational expense.
(Cronkhite, 2013) All organization requires specific planning and a clear understanding of the organization object. (McHatton, Bradshaw, Gallagher, & Reeves, 2011) With the budgeting which ensures that the funds necessary to carry out the organizational activities and once the budget is approve operational activities are conducted within the approved plan. (Cronkhite, 2013) The Capital budget contains large items since as location or a new building. (Cronkhite, 2013) This type of budgeting is done until the organization or project is complete. (Cronkhite, 2013) Line item budget is those items that are needed yearly in order to the organization to operate. (Cronkhite, 2013) This includes employee salaries all the way down to office basic stationery. (Cronkhite, 2013) The budgeting process is not something that is done once a year; it is a continual process of regular review and in some case possible for revision. (Cronkhite, 2013) In some case a zero based budgeting comes into play. This type of budgeting is also known as the “died of its own weight”. (Cronkhite, 2013) This is only done if there is a reduction in the organization by at 5%, 10% or 20% on how the essential programs would continue to function. (Cronkhite,
Top-down budgeting is the preferred method of budgeting for government agencies and many organizations (Ljungham). The methodology of top-down budgeting is described as “dominated by top members of the executive branch and the legislative branch” (Williams & Calabrese, 2011, 178). The methodology entrusts top members to make annual budgeting decisions for their organizations. In many instances, top members also use this time to set annual program or department goals and targets. Top members make these decisions without solicitation of input from bottom levels of an organization. This can result in operational and logistical constraints in the lower levels of an organization when plans are implemented (Williams & Calabrese, 2011). Additionally, it can serve as a source of frustration for staff when uninformed budgeting decisions create consequences. This is particularly true when staff is tasked with making things work in the aftermath of budgeting decisions, despite having clear or attainable goals and budgets. Like all budgeting methodologies, there are benefits and difficulties.
I believe that all of the budget categories are extremely important to the organization. First, I believe it would be best to start with the people because grooming someone’s skills and learning to benefit from someone’s talents may take a while. Additionally, we want the clients of our group to be the main focus and it is important for the community to change their mind about passing these wonderful people over. Supplies will always be important because no one can get through a meeting without pens or paper. Space will be vital because there must be a place to meet for our organization’s development. Later on I can see things like equipment and miscellaneous
The annual budget is refreshed based on financial forecast, system initiatives, and priorities, and operating performance of individual units. The method of forecasting future performance is based on historical data from previous year to date actual results and adjusted for inflation. Senior executives with direct oversight for the department or other departments will attend all quarterly budget meetings. The finance department provides the NM a budget for her unit based from previous year’s data of patients’ volume. The budget includes expenses for salaries, benefits, medical supplies, other supplies, and services. The responsibility of the NM is to review it monthly to ensure that her unit is within the budget. Whenever the NM is over the budget on each predetermined expenses, she will need to write a plan of actions on how to correct the
Provides advice, assistance, and guidance on budgeting and related information to program managers and budget-related personnel in subordinate organizations. Conducts analyses, reviews, and special studies of budget and/or related information.
Participative Budgeting is the situation in which budgets are designed and set after input from subordinate managers, instead of merely being imposed. The idea behind this sort of budgeting is to assign responsibility to subordinate managers and place a form of personal ownership on the final budget. Nearly two decades of management accounting research has resulted in equivocal findings on the consequences and effects of participative budgeting (Lindquist 1995). Participative budgeting certainly has various advantages, these include the transferral of information from subordinate to superior increased job satisfaction for the subordinate, budgetary responsibility and goal congruence. Its disadvantages include budgetary slack and negative motivation, however it is the conditions in which participative budgeting takes place determines whether the budgeting process is successful. The conditions are dependent on various factors such as the level of participation, level of subordinate influence, the extent to which budgetary slack takes place, volatility, job related information, and the complexity of the budget.
The Budget is а financial plan listed in а statement that shows the expected expenses and income during а specific period of time known as Budget Period (Cambridge, 2016). This Budget period usually specified by the organization and referred as а fiscal year. The Budget Period can be both long or short term, and this depends on the organization’s type. Budgets are required for reasons; to show the financial implications of plans; to determine the resources needed to achieve the plans; to provide a means to measure, monitor and control the results against the plans.
It is vital that the operating budget ties in with long-term strategies by planning, setting objects with goals, and forecasting the future. According to Mr. Wright, Robertwood Johnson University Hospital adopted the GE Model of “operation excellence” with long-term strategies with their operating budget. With the ” operations excellence” strategy, the organization has over the years transformed the operating budget by accurately tracking and constantly improving their revenue cycle yearly by setting payment practices to generate revenue to achieve specific financial objectives of greater demand with the maximum revenue margins along with eliminating waste and streamlining the budget by cutting expenses and prioritizing programs
Budgeting is an essential process for all businesses. By using the company’s current financial data as well as its historical data, a business should be able to forecast and plan a budget for the company’s future. A budget is defined as “a statement of monetary plans that is prepared in advance of a forthcoming period, usually one year” (Brookson 2000). This budget should align with the company’s strategic and operational plans and is the tactical implementation of the company’s business plan. Since the company’s budget is controlled by all levels of the company’s management, the company budget is usually an aggregate compilation of the departmental budgets. Budgets are used to help establish a company’s sales forecast, product pricing, as well as assist in investment planning. Budgets are also used by management for motivation and performance evaluation. A manager’s performance evaluation will usually relate to their contracted compensation plan and will be paid as a bonus in addition to their salary. These incentives are usually based on a percentage of meeting or exceeding budgeted or targeted goals which are established and controlled by management. Because of management’s control of the numbers, budgets and targeted goals are easily manipulated in order to increase the manager’s compensation. When this process occurs, it is known as “gaming” the system.
Line Item budgeting is the most widely used approach in many organizations due to its simplicity and its control orientation. “It is referred to as the "historical" approach because administrators and chief executives often base their expenditure requests on historical expenditure and revenue data. One important aspect of line-item budgeting is that it offers flexibility in the amount of control established over the use of resources, depending on the level of expenditure detail (e.g., fund, function, object) incorporated into the document” (National Center for Education Statistics). The advantages of line item budgeting are that it offers simplicity; “you can easily budget for each area or department of your company based on historical expenditures required in previous years. If the amount of these expenditures has been consistent over a period of years, line-item budgeting can offer a simple and reliable means of anticipating expenses for the coming year while saving time and effort in the budget preparations” (Joseph). “Another advantage of a line-item budget is that it can be easy to justify the expenditures. Proposed expenditures are based on historical needs, which makes very little to dispute among departments within the organizations. This allows companies and business owners to maintain tight budgetary control, while reducing the possibility of frivolous spending” (Joseph). There are a few dis advantages of line item budgeting; it can create a phony analysis of expenditures. Budget preparers may simply accept the current situation and continue to use the same budgeting method that worked well in previous fiscal years. “By accepting the current situation it could eliminate the opportunity to take an in-depth look at each ...
Performance budgeting encompasses the causal relationship among program funding and the probable results of that program and uses this information as a means to develop an actual budget. A major focal point of performance budgeting is accountability; this type of budgeting is often utilized by administrators to obtain cost efficiency and establish useful budget forecasting.
A company's budget serves as a guideline in planning and committing costs in order to meet tactical and strategic goals. Tactical goals such as providing budgetary costs for daily operations, and strategic objectives that include R&D, production, marketing, and distribution are all part of the budgeting process. Serving as a guideline rather than being set in stone, the budget is a snapshot of manager's "best thinking at the time it is prepared." (Marshall, 2003, p.496) The budget is a method in which to reign-in discretionary spending, and will likely show variances between what costs have been anticipated and what costs are actually incurred.
While traditional budgets can be useful in assisting managers with internal control, they are not typically as useful as a policy or decision making tool. Line-item budgets assure elected and administrative officials that money is being spent only for approved purposes, but they do not show what is being accomplished with the money. (Government of Alberta, 3) Additional drawbacks to line-item budgets involve the promotion of indolence, due to the minor modifications made to budget planning each year. Line-item budgeting can result in ineffective and costly actions because management is not allowed the flexibility to address changing situations. (Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants, 7) Many government programs are often forced to use funding, or lose funding at the end of a program year; these restrictive processes have the potential to invite micromanagement and impede the fulfillment of program objectives. (Government of Alberta, 3) In comparison, performance budgeting has more of a policymaking orientation it links plans, measures, and budgets and it pushes administrators and policymakers to contemplate the big picture. (Brewer, 23) Performance budgeting provides useful information about the impact of budget decisions on people and gives departments increased budgetary flexibility. Additionally, performance budgeting allows for ongoing monitoring and strengthens legislative decision making and oversight.