According to World Health Organization (WHO) mortality estimates, cancer is the fourth ranked cause of death in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), after cardiovascular diseases, infectious/parasitic diseases and injuries [1-3]. The largest increase in cancer incidence among the WHO regions in the next 15 years is likely to be in the EMR where breast cancer (BC) is recorded as the commonest type of female malignancy in almost all national cancer registries [1-4]. In most countries in the EMR (eg., Iran and Iraq), in addition to being the most important cancer, there are other features that justify increasing efforts for BC control, including the tendency for this disease to affect younger women, the obvious rise in incidence rates and the prevalence of advanced stages at presentation associated with more aggressive tumor behavior resulting in greater fatality rates [6,7]. Although, survival of the patients depends on many determinants such as: age, race, genetic background, socioeconomic status and quality of care, two most important determinants of survival from BC in the EMR are early detection and adequacy of treatment [5-7]. Obviously, there is an urgent need for us to better understand the molecular events of the disease and to search for more effective biomarkers for BC prevention, early detection, drug development and personalized treatment.
BC is a complex genetic disease characterized by an accumulation of molecular alterations, resulting in a high clinical heterogeneity [8,9]. Different types of BC exhibit variable histopathological and biological features, different clinical outcome and different response to therapy. Based on such a high degree of heterogeneity and according to their growth patterns (histological t...
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...examinations of the validity of these GEP assays currently available in the USA and the EU and their validation for diverse populations is limited [22,23]. Due to significant differences in the histopathology (hormone receptor status, grading, and staging), demographic parameters, survival and other factors of BC in Asia compared to Caucasians, a great deal of effort has been spent in developing and validating a specific prognostic signature in these populations [5-7, 23-25]. With our best knowledge, there are a few studies assessing the GEP and clinical outcomes in Asia and only one of them has been conducted in the EMR where the GEP for Saudi women has been reported [24,25]. Based on this report, there is about 50% difference in the GEP between Western and Saudi populations, further underlining the importance of finding specific gene signatures in the EMR [25].
BCC can disfigure the host if it is allowed to grow but it does not metastasize beyond the original emergence spot of the tumor. On rare cases will Basal Cell Carcinoma spread to other parts of the body and become life threatening. Early diagnosis and recognition of BCC is important because big lesion may become problematic to treat and may result to a risk of it spreading locally. Statistically, it shows that approximately 2.8 million of BCC are diagnosed in the US every year. This figure further translates to approximately 3 out of 10 ...
Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)
The hereditary risk factors for cardiovascular disease are primarily those of which individuals are unable to control, the ones for which they are born with. These risk factors would include an individual’s sex, race, age, and genetics. One out of every five males has some form of cardiovascular disease and the same applies for females. More women than men have cardiovascular disease in this country, but this is only due to the fact that there are more women within the U.S. population (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Men percentage wise are at a higher risk than women. There is a somewhat reduced probability for females to have cardiovascular disease before menopause. This is believed by medical researchers and scientists to be directly related to the natural hor...
...ars to be the most promising agent in primary prevention of breast cancer. It changed the way prevention is perceived by biomedicalizing it. Prevention is seen as equivalent to risk reduction. Also, it is the only United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved drug for reducing breast cancer risk in high-risk women. Promising as it may seem, the scope of primary prevention has been restricted to women at high risk of developing breast cancer because of inherent limitations of these strategies. Knowledge is power, “The lack of knowledge in the realm of breast cancer prevention makes for greater investment in chemoprevention”. Owing to failure of etiologic studies in breast cancer research to identify primary prevention strategies suitable for the general population, reducing mortality through early detection of breast cancer still remains the mainstay.
Breast Cancer is a disease that can sometime lead to ovarian cancer and has caused a lot of women’s death. “About five to ten percent of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary, meaning that they result from gene defects called mutations inherited from a parent”. Related Risks early menstruation, oral contraceptives and child bearing 20 percent. (1)An environmental risk is that toxins can damage breast DNA. Over time damaged DNA can lead to cancer. Your risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older. “1 of 8 breast cancer are found when women are younger than 45. 2 of 3 breast cancer are found in women age 55 years or older 75 percent greater chance”.(1) Breast Cancer can lead Peutz Jeghers syndrome the effects of Peutz Jeghgers is spots on your lips and in their mouths. Women with no children or who had a child after age 30 have slightly higher breast cancer risk. “Screening for breast cancer is early diagnosis increases chance of survival and annual mammogram after age 40”. Women who took Diethylstilbestrol while pregnant could have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer. Birth control peals also cause higher risks 40 to 50 percent for breast cancer risk calms down after they have stopped taking them.(1) Using combined hormone therapy after menopause increase the risk of getting breast cancer , it also increase women chances of dying from it. If you are over weight or obese after menopause greatly increase breast cancer risk 20 percent. Drinking alcohol can cause a major effect for you to start developing breast cancer the risk increase the more you drink. Tobacco smoke, Night work, Antiperspirants, Bras and Induced abortion. Breast cancer takes a lot of toll on women and men of all races and...
About 12% of women in the United States will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, more than any other type of cancer (www.breastcancer.org, 2015). Many people lack the knowledge of how breast cancer is developed. Some people think they will not get cancer because they do not smoke cigarettes, but this is not the only cause of cancer developing in the breast. Anyone can get cancer. Everyone is potentially at risk for developing some form of Cancer (American Cancer Society, 2015).
NIH, National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2015). Cyclothymic Disorder, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Web. 22 July 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002517
There is not one factor that is known to cause breast cancer solely, but there are a combination of factors that all work together in allowing these cancer cells to reproduce and invade. Gender is a big factor in breast cancer as the majority of people who get breast cancer are women. Men are capable of getting breast cancer but the likeliness of men getting breast cancer is very min...
... Clinical Evidence." Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics 287.6 (2013): 1137-1149. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
Today in the United States, Breast Cancer occurs in about one in eight women which is currently the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is expected to decrease due to the advancements in technology and dedicated researchers. Scientists have put an estimated 4.8 billion dollars towards the research every year to help find a cure or a new treatment for breast cancer ("STAT Facts Breast Cancer"). Researchers have found causes, put in research and theories that help with understanding treatments, prevention and also common symptoms and coping mechanisms.
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
Over the years, the fight against ovarian cancer has proven to be even more difficult due to the cancer being asymptomatic at its early stages. For this reason, there are constantly late diagnoses made on women who unfortunately develop this cancer (Stack).... ... middle of paper ... ...
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
Most diseases are caused by a type of genetic component. Many of the diseases that have been caused by gene mutations are undiagnosed. These remain undiagnosed because the disease is so rare that the doctor does not know how to diagnose the patient. Many sy...
proactive measures against recurrence and relapse of the disease can be made. Molecular medicine in genetics will also improve the design and testing of new drugs.