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Research paper on biometric security system
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Iris recognition is one of commonly employed biometric for personal recognition. In this paper, Single Value Decomposition (SVD), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Automatic Feature Extraction (AFE) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are employed to extract the iris feature from a pattern named IrisPattern based on the iris image. The IrisPatterns are classified using a Feedforward Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel with different dimensions and a comparative study is carried out. From the experimental result, it is observed that ICA is the most appropriate feature extraction method for both BPNN and SVM with Gaussian RBF and SVM with Gaussian RBF can classify faster than BPNN.
A biometric recognition system can be used with a number of physiological characteristics (e.g. fingerprint, palmprint, hand geometry, face, iris, ear shape, and retina vein) and behavioral characteristics (e.g. gait, voice, signature and keystroke dynamics) to provide automatic identification of individuals based on their inherent physical and /or behavioral characteristics. Among these biometrics, iris recognition is one of the most accurate and reliable biometric for identification because of following characteristics (i) Iris pattern has complex and distinctive pattern such as arching ligaments, crypts, corona, freckles, furrows, ridges, rings and a zigzag collarette [1]. (ii) possess 266 degrees-of-freedom in variability and uniqueness in the order of one in 1072 [2].
However, iris recognition also has disadvantages. Some parts of the iris are generally occluded by the eyelid and eyelash. The pupil and iris boundaries are not always circles and their centres are not c...
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...l intensity (black or almost black). To find the pupil, a linear threshold (of value 70 in present work) is applied to the image as
(1)
where f is the original iris image and g is the thresholded image.
By applying this, pixels with intensity greater than empirical value of 70 are converted to 1 (black) and others are assigned to 0 (white). Some parts of eyelashes satisfy (1), but have a much smaller area than the pupil area. We can remove all small regions other than pupil by applying code segment (2) for each region R if AREA(R) < 2500 (2) set all pixels of R to 0
Thus, pupil region is obtained. Two imaginary orthogonal lines are drawn passing through the centroid of the pupil region and the first pixel with intensity zero, from the center to the extremities is the boundaries of the binarized pupil. The output of this process is illustrated in Figure 2.
#1: Review the 3 Iris Modules on the direction page for this assignment and complete the Iris Analysis and questions below.
(f) Spoof attacks and Template security: Spoof attack refers to the deliberate attempt to manipulate one’s biometric template in order to avoid recognition, or generate biometric artifacts in order to take someone’s identity. And still biometric systems are susceptible to attacked in a number of ways (Ratha et al., 2001). For example, a fingerprint recognition system can be circumvented by using fake or spoof fingers (Nandakumar et al., 2007, Nandakumar et al., 2007a). Behavioral traits like voice (Eriksson et al., 1997) and signature (Harrison et al., 1981) are more susceptible to such attacks than physiological traits. Security of biometric templates is also another critical issues in biometric systems. The stolen biometric template can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system (Adler, 2003, Cappelli et al., 2007, Ross et al., 2007).
The usage of the iris technology is very fast. The capturing and the testing of the images is very fast, it must require some training. The glasses must be removed during the enrollment in the recognition system will ensure the best image will be captured without any reflections from the glasses or the lenses.
This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2.
Behavioral characteristics include: voiceprints, keystrokes, and handwritten signatures. Fingerprints are the most common use of biometrics today. It works great for the population between the ages of 18 and 40 because their prints haven’t been effective with normal aging. In my view, there are a few downfalls. The first one is due to aging.
Biometrics is methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Some of the features measured in biometrics identification that I will include in this paper are: fingerprints, retina, face, signature, and voice scans. Biometric technologies are quickly becoming the foundation for a large array of highly secure identification and personal verification techniques. As the level of security and transaction fraud increases, the need for more secure identification and personal verification technologies also increases. Biometric-based solutions can provide for confidential financial transactions and personal data privacy. The need for biometrics can be found in federal, state, and local governments, in the military, and for commercial uses. Biometric security is already being applied in the areas of “Enterprise-wide network security infrastructures, government IDs, secure electronic banking, investing and other financial transactions, retail sales, law enforcement, and health and social services.” It is also important to know the uses of biometric security, which will be covered in detail in the later part of this paper.
Biometrics-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security (Campbell, 1995). Utilized alone or integrated with other technologies such as smart cards, encryption keys and digital signatures, biometrics are set to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our daily lives (Campbell, 1995). Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, and voice (Campbell, 1995).
The latest scanning of irises from a distance of up to 40 feet away. According to Carnegie Mellon University, their iris recognition technology can identify drivers from an image of their eye captured from their cars’ side mirror. Therefore, near future the micro insect drones that have iris scanning may facilitate the arrest of a criminal after escaping like spider robots in Minority Report.
Some of the modifications are reduced five letters to two letters per line, reduced the spacing between letter (crowding effect) and eccentric fixation. Crowding phenomenon occurs when a letter is surrounded by the other letter and caused the visual acuity to reduce compared to visual acuity measured using a single letter. By performing Modified logMAR chart, this phenomenon is more enhanced because the target is presented eccentricity than central fixation. Flom et.al (1991) reported that, contour interaction of letter occurs at a level higher than the retina which is at the occipital cortex and results in the lateral inhibition of the cortex. Other than that, in this research we are mimicking the amblyopic condition on the normal healthy individual. In normal people, the high density of cones at the fovea is important for the higher level of visual acuity in photopic condition. For the eccentric fixation, the fovea is located at 5 minute of arc from center of fixation. Therefore, there will be 25% loss of visual
Face recognition has been regarded as the divine Grail of biometric recognition systems, due to a number of noteworthy advantages over other methods of identification. Video-based face recognition has the advantage over other trustworthy characteristics for biometric recognition, such as iris and fingerprint scans, that it does not require the cooperation of individuals involved in the process.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
Iris recognition uses camera technology with subtle infrared illumination to acquire images of the detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris [9]. Advantages: • Highly accurate.1 chances in 1078 that iris pattern of two individual matches • Highly scalable as iris structure remains same throughout lifetime • Small template size so fast matching Problems: • Iris scanners are relatively expensive • Scanners can be fooled by high quality image • Require cooperation from user. Applications: • All of the UAE's land, air and sea ports of entry are equipped with systems • Adhaar card also has taken iris trait for recognition • Google uses iris scanners to control access to their datacenters. 4.
Figure 1 57 shows the dark and bright pupil, the location of the dark pupil is determined by the image captured by the camera but this difficult the person has dark brown eyes because of the low contrast between the brown iris and the black pupil, bright pupil is caused by infrared light as explained in
In most biometric authentication systems not just one but several data acquisitions are performed during the enrollment of a single user. With the help of several biometric sample magnitudes such as standard and mean deviations of biometric features can be calculated and thus a more representative sample can be calculated or boundaries can be generated for these features. Furthermore, the acquisition of several samples can be used to filter out the most stable features where deviation values are small. Thus common biometric authentication systems demand at least two or three biometric samples of a user during the enrollment
...he cornea is deformed so that its surface is oval instead of spherical. Light rays are distorted at the entrance of the eye. This produces a blurred image and is known as astigmatism. To correct it, glasses are given a nonspherical or cylindrical curvature. Cross-eyes and walleyes are produced when both eyes do not work together because of weakness of the eye muscles.