Exam Two
Question One
Question Two
The Red-Backed Jumping Spider (Phidippius Johnsoni) is found in Western North America and has been introduced to New Zealand with contaminated imported table grapes. They undergo gradual metamorphosis. They spin tubular nests out of silky thread under fallen logs, rocks and other debris on the ground. They hunt using sight so they are diurnal and mostly stay inside their nests at night. Their nests also provide havens in which molting, egg laying and hatching can take place, and offer protection against the elements. Sometime courtship and mating occurs inside these nests. The male spiders exhibit distinctly different methods of courtship, one for when courting takes place when the male encounters a mature female inside her nest, another for when a male encounters a female that has not fully matured, and another if the male encounters a mature female outside of the nest. Male Johnsoni do not attempt courtship with immature females when encountered outside the nest. Outside the nest, males engage in a visual courtship as these spiders have adapted to have more sophisticated vision. When males come in contact with a mature female inside the nest he courts her using vibrations as they cannot see as well in the dark. If the male encounters a female who has not yet fully matured he will court her using the vibratory method and if she accept him, he will cohabitate with the female until she matures and is ready to mate. Once the eggs are fertilized, females lay eggs in consecutive batches starting about one month after fertilization, with one month elapsing between each following batch of eggs laid. Eggs hatch about three weeks after being released, and the young spiders leave the nest a...
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http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v6_n1/JoA_v6_p1.pdf
http://www.aaie.net/aaie/node/85
http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.sbcc.edu:2048/stable/3705218?&Search=yes&term=nest-mediated&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnest-mediated%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=6&returnArticleService=showArticle
http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v8_n3/JoA_v8_p241.pdf
http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.sbcc.edu:2048/stable/3704985?seq=2&Search=yes&term=johnsoni&term=phidippus&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dphidippus%2Bjohnsoni%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dpidippus%2Bjohnsoni%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=132&returnArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/invert/glossary.html
http://bi154.dhcp.ttu.edu/sean/shell.pdf
Abstract: The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, was used to test whether food and potential mates drive aggressive behavior. Male crickets were randomly selected in pairs and place into a cage to observe aggressive behaviors in the presence of no food, food, and female. The cage provided a confine area for the crickets to fight one another while the variables of food and female were used in attempts of increasing aggressive interactions between the male crickets. There was no significance found through this experiment due to a lack of data. It was discovered that the experiment would have to be done at a larger scale to be able to see any significance in the two variables.
For part one of the experiment, my team asked the question of which cell fraction of the measured pea seedlings will have a higher ratio of chloroplasts? My group tested for the activity of chloroplasts with three different pairs of cell fractions by two conditions of light and dark in three readings. The first two cell fractions, pellet one and two (P1, P2), are the hard sediments found at the bottom of a tube after it has been centrifuged (which are specimen, like the mitochondria and chloroplast, that are isolated from the rest) (Leicht and McAllister, 2016). The last cell fraction used was the supernatant two (S2), which is just the free liquid surrounding the pellet after the centrifuging of P2 (Leicht and McAllister, 2016). To test for this, DCIP (a chloroplast isolation buffer) was used to
The experiment was conducted to test three different variables. These variables are an assessment of female aggressiveness, food deprivation, and staged male to female interactions. When testing the female aggressiveness, virgin females were run through a latency of attack assay to determine their aggressiveness. The spiders were given 30 seconds and a cricket was dropped in and a measurement was taken of how long interaction occurred between the cricket and the spider. When testing food deprivation, the number of days that female spiders went without food varied and was paired in groups of 1, 3, and 5 days for routine feeding. It was predicted that the longer female spiders went without food, the hungrier they would be. When testing staged male and female interactions, the males were placed in female containers with open lids as an escape route. Each pair interacted for six hours and all pairs resulted in successful copulation, sexual cannibalism, or the male abandons the female’s web. All instances of cannibalism were precopula and occurred shortly after males initiated their courtship sequence. After interaction, the remaining males were taken out the female web and females that cannibalized a male were given 24 hours to feed on the male before being given another male. A female never cannibalized two males consecutively. It was concluded that females that attacked prey more rapidly were more likely to cannibalize their first male mate. There is no detection of an association between cannibalism or food deprivation and female’s body mass. There is a positive association between the mass of egg cases and the number of offspring in females. The study proved that two factor are important in sexual cannibalism, female hunger state and female aggressiveness. There is also a source of fitness benefit for the female.
Many things have impacted both the Science and Medical fields of study. Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing are two of these things. Together they have simultaneously impacted both of these fields. On one hand, there is Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a specific method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field. It causes molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. On the other hand, there is DNA Sequencing. DNA Sequencing is a technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases
The first step to the unknown is selecting an actual organism. The best way to select a culture is based on a high-quality distribution. Equally important, shaking up the broth tube facilitates in the distribution. Upon selection, a gram check for purity is performed. Step by step instructions for this procedure can be found in Benson’s, Microbiological Applications p. 99. Furthermore, an aseptic technique must be performed for this test and the entire tests following the unknown. The purpose of this test is to differentiate between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. The key indicator of gram-positive bacteria is a purple stain and a pink stain for gram-negative bacteria. A slide is viewed with a microscope under oil immersion. Equally
1. In response to light, phytochrome undergoes a change in shape that leads to the activation of
Coenzyme Q10 or CoQ10 is chemical compound. The human body makes its own Coenzyme Q10. However, as a person grows old, the levels decrease. Then again, the Coenzyme Q10 levels go down because of illnesses. Some prescribed drugs could deteriorate the levels too. A poor diet is another way to decline the amounts in the body. So, eating whole grains, liver and oily fish could help a lot.
In 1606, the London Company dispatched 144 men to Virginia on 3 ships: the Susan Constant, the Discovery, and the Godspeed. These men arrived at Chesapeake Bay in 1607 and traveled 60 miles up the James River, where they constructed Jamestown. The men had chosen this location because they believe it was effortless to protect; however, the decision would be regretted. In their first years, Jamestown colonists experienced a difficult time: The location was scorching and humid, marshy and truncated, and vulnerable to malaria outbreaks. In addition, Jamestown was surrounded by broad forests, making it troublesome to farm. The lack of food, along with malaria epidemic, the reluctance to work, and the extreme greed for land and resources nearly led to the extinction of Jamestown. However, the Jamestown colonists discovered how to cultivate tobacco, thus leading to their prosperity and survival. With the success of Jamestown, more Europeans traveled to the New World, and settled in 3 groups of colonies: the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies.
States. The FBI performs testing for free to all police agencies to help keep costs down
Varricchio, David J., Frankie Jackson, and Clive N. Trueman. “A Nesting Trace with Eggs for
In the movie Raisin in the Sun, the plot focuses on the struggles of The Younger family, an African American family that lives in a cramped apartment in urban Chicago. The Younger’s main struggle within the movie is determining how to spend the inheritance money that their recently deceased Walter Younger Snr had left behind as his legacy. Within the family dynamics lies a conflict between the ideals of Walter Snr’s wife, Lena and her stubborn son Walter who wants to use the money to grow a alcohol business, become rich, and lose his dignity as a hard working man. Another main conflict is between Beneatha and her brother, Walter, her momma, Lena, and Ruth, her pregnant sister-in-law.
16. Describe two evolutionary consequences if the process of crossing over in meiosis ceased to occur. If crossing over in meiosis ceased to occur there would be less genetic variations and no diversity among a species. This would essentially mean that a species would not be able to adapt to an issue that could arise in the future, meaning that its species could potentially become extinct due to climate change or other arising events.
These methods of sexual selection include both before and after mating, and has competition between two males, two females, or competition between both genders of wasps. One of the most obvious forms of sexual selection in social wasps is between females. This is simply that queens of a high rank have higher mating success (Baer 2014). This method of sexual selection follows the natural hierarchy of social wasps, where one wasp is “in charge” (the queen), while others simply do the work for the colony (the workers). The other forms of sexual selection include the male to male competition of territory establishment, where males fight for territories and mark those territories to attract queens, and competition of male ornaments, which is a competition between males to see which one has the best ornaments and a competition between females for them to pick the male with the best ornaments. The males with bigger, darker dorsal spots generally have a better chance of mating (Baer 2014). This causes sexual selection competition between males, who try to have the darkest dorsal spots, and between females, who try to pick males with the darkest dorsal
Biology, is quite the expansive field in the world of science. The term itself has its roots in Greek with “bios” meaning life and “logos” meaning study. The term itself refers to the study of all walks of life that occur in nature. It covers all of the grandeur of life from the various structures of cells and the materials that comprise living creatures to the make up of primeval cells of the past. It encompasses the vast strata of the life from the infinitesimally small cells to the the gargantuan blue whales and other leviathans of the world. Underneath the umbrella of biology are a bevy of unique disciplines such as: physiology, genetics, ecology, and morphology.
Behavioural hypothesis centres on protection of nest and the forming of the mating bond. (Mueller (1990) p. 553-585). This has similarities with the male mating theory.