Nitrogen is one the most inert chemicals after the noble gases, which makes it a great environment for the performance of limited chemical reactions.8,9,14,15 There is no surprise that nitrogen is a great choice because of its high dissociation energy, high ionization energy, and the inability to access its highest vacant molecular orbitals.15 Molecular dinitrogen is a tightly wound nonpolar molecule in character with σ and π electrons.14 The inertness of molecular dinitrogen makes practicable activation a challenge for chemists, but nature can do this process easily.10,14 Nitrogen is not only an important element in the area scientific research, but biological processes also have a much desired need and use for nitrogen.15
Biological systems use nitrogen for their own life support processes and because nitrogen is the controlling factor in protein synthesis. Reduced nitrogen in the biosphere is required in order to perform the needed protein synthesis.8,9,15 The term of nitrogen fixation is no longer solely limited to biological systems and can now be defined more generally as the reduction of molecular dinitrogen to ammonia.15 Nitrogen fixation in organisms began to appear late in evolutionary development because it was thought that the earth had possessed ammonia as a main aspect and component in the atmosphere.1,15 Once the natural occurring supply had diminished and sufficient nitrogen appeared, the systems were required to evolve and adapt in order to continue getting the needed ammonia for survival.1,8,9,15 Reduction of dinitrogen is a key reaction in nature because nitrogen is an important element, but molecular dinitrogen alone is in an inaccessible form for most living organisms to use practically.11 Nitrog...
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... Sivasankar, C.; Baskaran, S.; Tamizmani, M.; Ramakrishna, K. Lessons learned and lessons to be learned for developing homogeneous transition metal complexes catalyzed reduction of N2 to ammonia. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2014, 752, 44-58.
(17) Szigethy, G.; Heyduk, A. F. Steric and Electronic Consequences of Flexibility in a Tetradentate Redox-Active Ligand: Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 125-135.
(18) Tsvetkov, N. P.; Chen, C.; Andino, J. G.; Lord, R. L.; Pink, M.; Buell, R. W.; Caulton, K. G. Synthesis and Oxidative Reactivity of 2,2 '-Pyridylpyrrolide Complexes of Ni(II). Inorg. Chem. 2013, 52, 9511-9521.
(19) Van Tamelen, E. E.; Fechter, R. B.; Schneller, S. W.; Boche, G.; Greeley, R. H.; Akermark, B. Titanium(II) in the fixation-reduction of molecular nitrogen under mild conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 1551-1552.
Kim, Taewoo, Trey L Arnold, Kyle A Leland, Aimee M Morey, Department of Chemistry, USAF Academy, CO 80840
Nitrogen and nitrates relate to Hypoxia via the process of eutrophication. Since Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in most waters, the added input of nitrate causes massive growth in algae. The algae rapidly consume all available N, and once the nutrient is limited again, the alga dies en masse. As the alga decomposes, oxygen is depleted in the water. This lowers dangerously lowers the level of dissolved oxygen in the water, which harms living organisms in the area. Small organisms and organisms that are immobile or unable to escape low-oxygen areas are particularly vulnerable. Hypoxia and resulting “dead zones” are harmful to local fishing and shrimping industries and algal blooms hurt the tourism industry. Hypoxia has lead to a decrease of about 25% in the brown shrimp habitat, forcing shrimping operations further offshore. As the hypoxia issue continues to grow, negative human effects will only increase. Since nitrate runoff from ag. has been proven to be the dominant source of hypoxia, policies could be enacted to effectively deal with “point-source” pollution. This makes enacting environmental policy more easily adapted, possibly included in past policy such as the Clean Water Act.
Staudt, Maureen, and Michael Stranz, eds. General Chemistry for Engineering and Science II. Mason,Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.
David and John Free. (26 Nov 2006). MadSci Network: Chemistry. Retrieved on March 6, 2011, from http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2007-02/1171045656.Ch.r.html
It is shown that the black color or the strain STM 5480 is more efficient in nitrogen fixing than the white color or STM 5472 strain in the singe-inoculation assay. It is also seen that the biomass...
Traditionally cyanide was used as a catalyst in this reaction since Von Liebig first discovered it in his research with almond oil. However, cyanide is very poisonous and harmful to health. More recently it was discovered that Vitamin B1, a coenzyme by the name of thiamine hydrochloride may be used to catalyze the benzoin condensation, which is preferable to using cyanide. This experiment will test whether thiamine can effectively catalyze the reaction (2).
A propellant is used in the military application and it is consists of oxidizer, fuel, plasticizer, curing agent and cross linkers. The commonly used oxidizer is ammonium perchlorate. But its combustion products are environmentally hazardous. Nowadays, ammonium nitrate is gaining great attraction in the field of propellant as a great oxidizer. Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic compound used as fertilizer, oxidizer and also for other applications. AN combined with fuel can be used in gas generators . The ammonium nitrate extracted from demilitarized rocket motors can be used as an oxidizing agent in the hydrothermal oxidation of organic wastes . It has seven phase transitions3.
The objective of this report is to calculate the activation energy for the molecule of HALS reaction using GAUSSIAN 09 via the WebMO interface. There have been assumed that the transition state can be obtained through the reaction as in (Scheme3). By using the program and format (opt=(TS,calcfc,noeigen) freq=noraman) , the structure was optimized and formed as a ring shape in order to be able to transfer Hydrogen from Carbon to nitrogen in the molecule. It also was attempted re-drawing some of the N-O and O-C bond lengths/angles to try and get that final H down closer to the N. Consequently, the result of transferring hydrogen directly to nitrogen was slightly very weak resulting from the frequency output (the first one is negative) given a quite low number by -252 (cm-1). Beside that, it was animated the molecule from the program and did not look like a H- transfer is going to N (Figure 3 (A)). That is because the strongly effect of methyl group located surrounding into two sides of nitrogen led not to...
There is an overwhelming use of catalysts - a substance that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction itself- in various industrial processes. According to certain estimates [cite-wiki10] around 90% of all “commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture.” Chemical products worth $900 billion were generated by catalytic processes worldwide in 2005 [cite – wiki11]. The close affiliation of the catalysts and the process of catalysis to a variety of industries and the proximity of these industries with consumers raise questions regarding the application of catalysts and their effects on products.
For the reaction, thiamine was used in our reaction in the formation of the product. Thiamine attacks the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde in the same way a cyanide ion does. By removing a relatively acidic proton on the five-membered thiazolium ring of thiamine by a base, carbanion that is nucleophilic is produce and can attack the carbonyl. Moreover, thiamine hydrochloride was chosen as the reagent over cyanide because of dangers involved in the use of cyanide, which is a lethal poison that can kill with little warning. Thiamine HCL has been shown to be an efficient and safer catalyst for the condensation of benzaldehyde, which could qualify this reaction as a green chemistry reaction. This reaction turned the aldehyde into a hydroxy ketone by adding a benzyl alcohol, forming a new C-C bond. The Cannizzaro reaction did not occur in this reaction, as benzoic acid or benzyl alcohol would have formed instead of
Varying the n value carries out the experiment. Absorbencies of each of the ZLn complexes are obtained. The sum of the concentrations of the metal, Z, and the ligand, L, are kept equal. With the ratio of the ligand to the metal in the solution with the maximum absorbance for the ZLn complex, the value of n can be determined as well as the composition of ZLn.
Levy, Joel. The Bedside Book Of Chemistry. Vol. 1. Millers Point: Pier 9, 2011. 34-84. 1 vols. Print.
Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein peptide bonds and for cell growth. Not only is this nutrient required in the largest quantity by plants, but it is also the most frequently limiting factor when it comes to productivity in crops. Plants cannot use nitrogen in the air and in the soil system it is lost easily. Because of this plants are forced to obtain nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonium from the soil. Too much nitrate can cause a negative effect on the plant including nitrate toxicity. High levels of nitrate are not only bad for plants but can also be dangerous to animals or humans in their presence. Here I discuss the scientific evidence of the effects of nitrate accumulation on plants and the environment and argue that too much nitrate accumulation can be harmful to its surroundings.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. 2007, Oxford University Press, p. 1186-1191.