This experiment on ball and beam was performed to understand how control systems work. The main aim of the experiment was to design a controller that could bring the ball to a steady position after an external disturbance was produced. Proportional Control, manual control and PD control were implemented in order to observe the behaviour of the system. During the observations it was observed that the most efficient control was the PD control with a high frequency integrating filter to cancel the noise produced by the differential gain. The PD control was then fine-tuned in order to achieve a better stability of the system which came at Kp 0.5 and Kd at 0.7-1.At these values the system was damped and had reduced the peak overshoot and as well as the steady state error
In order to understand the basic principles that lie behind control systems and there design. A simple ball and beam experiment provides us a useful insight into how control systems are used in our everyday applications e.g. to control the flaps of an air plane etc. The ball and beam experiment is therefore a classic example in understanding the feedback of control systems and understanding how to control an unstable system using feedback control system. The main objective in the experiment is to maintain a steady position of the ball during external disturbances by implementing a feedback control system to continuously adjust the beams angle to bring the ball to a steady state or in rest position. The system is an open loop unstable system because the systems output which is the balls position is changing for a fixed angle of the beam. The theory background is essential to understand the working of the ball and beam experiment which uses methods such as a proportio...
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... Controller Design, Available at: http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID(Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• Krishna,B (December 26, 2012) Design and Simulation of Gain Scheduling PID Controller for Ball and Beam System , Dubai: .
• (2012) PIDController, Availableat: http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• () PID Controller, Available at: https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1034397-dt-content-rid-2610403_2/courses/EG2003/Extra%20Notes%20PID.pdf (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID
• Ball And Beam Position Control Using QuaRC, Available at:http://www2.hawaii.edu/~gurdal/EE351L/exp04.pdf (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/13500/1/lec_1_web.pdf
I decided to use one type of ball, so the weight was constant. And the
Baseball is a fascinating sport that is exceptionally fun to play. This assignment is all about understanding the physics of a few key aspects of this sport. One might ask what physics could have to do with baseball? Like most sports baseball involves physical motion. Baseball encompasses all three planes of motion through throwing, hitting, and fielding. All of the classical laws of mechanics can be applied to understand the physics of this game.
(http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/ballforce.html Horney, A., Lowry, T., Schwenker, E., & wray, E. (2008). A New spin on baseball. Electronic Proceedings of Undergraduate Mathematics, 3(4)).
In order to begin looking at the physics behind the trajectory of a kicked soccer ball we will start with seeing how Newton's Laws of Motion come into play. Newton's 1st law states that “any object at rest, will tend to stay at rest, and any object in motion, will tend to stay in motion unless acted on by an ...
The game of baseball has several elements of motion to it – throwing, catching, hitting, running – but I’ve chosen to focus on the physics involved in hitting a baseball. To a spectator, the exchange is simple: the pitcher throws the baseball, an opposing batter tries to hit the ball. Even to an athlete, the process is not one of thought, but of instinct and action. However, in actuality, the laws of physics dictate everything that will occur from the moment the baseball leaves the pitcher’s hand. Even the very familiar equipment o...
Today, engineers rely on damping systems to counteract nature's forces. There are many types of damping systems that engineers can now use for structures, automobiles, and even tennis rackets! This site focuses on damping systems in structures, mainly architectural variations of the tuned mass damper.
...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back.
To investigate the affect the material of a ball has on the bounce height of that ball where the drop height (gravitational potential energy), temperature, location, ball, and air pressure of the ball are kept constant.
Systems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related back to the case study that has been provided. Limitations of systems theory will also be discussed.
Passing is perhaps one of the most important components of the sport. A game would be impossible without the assistance of passing and team work. To successfully carryout a pass, many factors have to be taken into account. In order to begin a pass, first a player must exert a force on the basketball. Once the ball leaves the hands of the player, it becomes a projectile. A projectile is acted upon by two independent forces: the x and y components. The x component is the force exerted on the ball by the player while the y component is pulled by the force of gravity, -9.8m/s². As a result of the independent components, the ball will travel in a downward parabolic path, or trajectory. Since the ball travels a downward path, the player throws the ball towards a target located a little higher than where the player wishes the ball would go in order to compensate for the downward path. Another factor that affects the successfulnes...
...to play. The ball steadily slows down until it is fielded because of the inertia. If the ball is hot in the air but bounces on the ground before the person fields it, then they would have to be sure to watch and calculate the projectile motion and how the ball spins on the ground. To be a good fielder, one has to be consciously aware of how the ball will move and to what direction it will be coming off the bat. They need to be able to calculate the speed the ball is coming and if it is going to bounce or curve.
Physics is involved in everyday life and can be an essential explanation for how things work. Being a lacrosse goalie involves physics concepts and proves how they apply to every movement that is made on the field. To better understand the physics of a goalie, you must understand how Newton’s Three Laws of Motion work; Inertia, force equals mass times acceleration, and equal and opposite forces, as well as another law torque and leverage.
To explain these models, the forces as well as velocities acting on the ball are described mathematically. The three most important forces considered here include the force due to gravity, force from the spin, and the force due to air resistance.
According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, the vector sum of the total forces in a system is equal to the product of the mass (m) and acceleration ( a ) of the system.
This report examines the Control Process applied by different companies, they use the control process to make sure that, the whole departments are working as better they can, the control process improve better benefits to the company, work place, employees, customer and directors. The control process is to maximizing productivity and minimizing costs to achieve their goals. The finding in this report is based on books and Internet sources. This report recommends that, the control process is the process to achieve the goals and also to planning the future.