Task 1
• Basic Hydraulic Principles
A simple hydraulic system consists of the following components
• Hydraulic fluid,
• Pistons or rams,
• Cylinders,
• Accumulator or oil reservoir,
• Working mechanism, and
• Safety devices.
They control variety equipments which transmits force that are carried by Hydraulic Fluid in a specific medium. In modern systems hydraulics transfer forces which are accurate and rapidly even in small pipes of any shape and a long distance.
• Pascal’s Law:
Pascal's Law, framed by Blaise Pascal, states that “Pressure applied to any part of a confined fluid transmits to every other part with no loss. The pressure acts with equal force on all equal areas of the confining walls and perpendicular to the walls." This is the Hydraulic system basic principle.
• Hydraulic Pressure & Force:
Pressure can be defined as “the force acting on unit area, applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the object”.
Pressure = Force/ Area.
This is stated as the force exerted by a fluid on unit area, on the surface anywhere within the system.
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/43171-what-are-the-basic-principles-of-hydraulics/
Brake system
This illustrates Pascal's law in a hydraulic press, and this principle is also used in aircraft to brakes. There is a mechanical advantage you can create where a small force is used to gain a larger force somewhere else.
Directional Control Valve
• Check Valve
• Directional spool valve
• Directional poppet valve
Pressure Control Valve
• Control task: variable throttle valve
• Switching task: fixed throttle valve
Electro-hydraulic valve
• Servo hydraulic valves
• Proportional hydraulic valve
http://www.dta.eu/hydraulics/hydraulic-valves
Task 2
Hydraulic Fluid
Transmitting then pressure from the fluid which is used, lubricate the parts of the hydraulic system and also act as a coolant. The oil used has a low viscosity for easy filling of aluminum pips and all other pipes. As the oil heats up it retain the properties over a wide temperature range.
Three types of hydraulic oil are used:
• Vegetable,
• Mineral
• Synthetic based.
Vegetable
These are colored blue and made from Alcohol and castor oil. They are mostly used in older aircraft where natural rubber seals are used. These Vegetable oil can also cause corrosion or sludge.
Mineral
These are colored red and they are based on a widely used kerosene petrochemical product. They have good lubricating properties which in small quantities occupy corrosion and foaming. They are stable and low viscosity which changes with temperature. Mineral oils are flammable and may not be used with rubbers.
Synthetic
These are colored purple and are less flammable then the mineral oil. They attract water as they are based on synthetic phosphate eater. They also attacks certain paint and plastics.
The product was made from 4-methylcyclohexanol. The chemical, 4-methylcyclohexanol is used in industrial settings. In 2014, West Virginia was exposed to this chemical in drinking water. Since this chemical is used to wash coal of its impurities, it was unsafe to drink the water as well as take a shower (CNN). Similarly, 4-methylcyclohexanol has a strong smell which may cause people to have symptoms like vomiting, skin irritation, and trouble breathing. Diesel is also replaced by 4-methylcyclohexanol (National Geographic).
Before being placed in the ice bath, the product appeared to have a golden tint to it and was fairly fluid. After the ice bath, the product remained fairly fluid, however, it appeared to take on a more cohesive droplet form and the color was less pigmented. In addition to this, the bromine test performed at the end of the investigation yielded slightly varying results. The color change identified in the case of the bromine/dichloromethane and added 5 drops of olive oil turned out to change the original orange/red color of the bromine/dichloromethane to a clear and unpigmented liquid. The addition of hydrogenated olive oil (product) to the originally orange/red colored bromine/dichloromethane ended up turning clear similar to the addition of olive oil, however, there appeared to be a slightly yellow tint to the resulting liquid as
Include corn, soya bean, rapeseed, sunflower, peanut, olive oil and others. They are triglyceride molecular structures that possess good lubrication properties due to their polar nature, provide metal wetting attraction, keeps dirt and debris out of metal surface by acting as solvent, molecular structure provides high natural viscosity. But on the other hand there are few performance limitations like poor oxidation, thermal and hydrolytic stability. For example, they can’t with stand the storage temperatures more than 800C or 1760F. But by genetic modifications, we can overcome thermal and oxidation problems (Which received successful results on soya bean and canola oil).
due to its high resistance to oils and grease, and its slippery and wax-like properties, it is used to coat various cookwares2
On earth, substances tend to exist in one of three phases; either a solid, liquid, or gas. While solids and liquids have defining factors such as volume, and for solids only, a shape, gases exhibit neither of these. Gases naturally take the shape of and expand into the volume of the container, and change when placed in different surroundings. As gases are constantly moving around and colliding with the walls, they exert a force, or pressure, on the walls of its container. Pressure is one of the characteristic behaviors that gases exhibit, but due to their nature, various factor effect the pressures that a gas can exert. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, scientist began to stumble upon these various factors that affect gases, especially
Boyle’s Law includes holding the temperature constant while analyzing the correlation between volume and pressure. An electronic tool was used in this trial called a LabQuest. As the volume of water is manually reduced, the LabQuest measures the pressure of the closed system while temperature is held constant. While analyzing the data and reading the measurements it was concluded that when volume is decreased, pressure will increase and as volume is increased, pressure will decrease. This was concluded because all the other properties in the ideal gas law were constant.
Bernoulli’s principle is the concept that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases. This principle was originally formulated in 1738 by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing ...
states that "a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal the weight
According to mechanical physics, a force is an effect that may cause a body to accelerate. Also as stated in Isaac Newton’s second law of motion, force is a vector quantity (has magnitude and direction) that is proportional to the product of the mass of a body and its acceleration.
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
it is lighter than aluminium, and is used in alloys used for aircraft, car engine casings, and missile construction
The acceleration of a body or object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body or object and is inversely
Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli discovered that the pressure of a moving fluid is different than the pressure of a fluid at rest in the 1700’s. A fluid usually flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Additionally, his principle states that the faster a fluid moves, the less pressure the fluid exerts. Furthermore, the cause of an acceleration of a fluid is due to the fluid moving in a horizontal direction encountering a pressure difference, resulting in net force. In conclusion, Bernoulli’s principle is a concept of fluid dynamics.
Mineral oil undergoes oxidation when exposed to heat and light so stabilizers like butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and alpha tocopherol may be added to retard oxidation. Mineral oil may be sterilized by dry heat and should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light in a cool and dry place.