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Performance benefits of incorporating resistance into athletic training
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Introduction
Acceleration is an essential component in many different field sports including games such as rugby, soccer, American football and tennis (Spencer, Bishop, Dawson and Goodman, 2005). It is widely considered the most important attribute in team sports (Wilson, Lyttle, Ostrowski and Murphy, 1995), therefore the ability to enhance it would be valuable to many sporting events (Cronin and Hansen, 2006). An athlete’s ability to accelerate is dependent upon numerous factors, including technique/body position (kinematics) and the force production capability (kinetics) of the body (Cronin, Hansen, Kawamori and McNair, 2008). Important kinematic factors that affect acceleration performance include step frequency and step length (Hunter, Marshall, and McNair, 2004; Murphy, Lockie and Coutts, 2003), duration of the stance phase (Murphy Lockie and Coutts, 2003), position of foot strike through the athlete’s centre of mass (Chu and Korchemny, 1993), knee flexion angle before and after foot strike (Murphy, Lockie and Coutts, 2003), the magnitude of hip extension at toe-off (Vonstein, 1996), the angle of take-off of the athlete’s centre of mass at toe-off (Hay, 1985) and trunk lean progressively decreasing from 45⁰ to 5⁰ (Baechle, and Earle, 2008).
Kinematic factors, in particular trunk flexion may change slightly when an athlete fatigues, as fatigue of the trunk musculature has been shown to cause an increase in trunk flexion during running (Hart, Kerrigan, Fritz and Ingersoll, 2009). Koblbauer, Schooten, Verhagen and Van Dieen (2013) found that an increase of just 4⁰ trunk flexion whilst running in novice athletes can increase risk of injury of the lower limbs and back musculature by exposing the knee to increased load (Z...
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...ervention. Furthermore future research needs to identify if the small change in trunk flexion found in this study could lead to any long term effects on sprint kinematics. This will allow coaches to understand how weighted vests may impact on sprint kinetics and how it can be manipulated to increase acceleration power and decrease risk of injury.
In conclusion there was no significant difference in trunk flexion at 5%, 7.5% and 10% (p=0.83) resistance in resisted vest sprint training compared to unloaded sprinting. The study highlights that low percentages of resisted sprint resistance will not cause injury through change in trunk kinematics. Although trunk flexion did increase slightly to the response of an external stimulus, recent research (Koblbauer, Schooten, Verhagen and Van Dieen, 2013) suggests this increase is not enough to cause concern for injury.
For years it was thought that the golf swing was a solid piece of movement without any differentiating variables. Vast expansion in technology over the last 20 years has produced more information on the biomechanics of the golf swing. “ Golf Biomechanics applies the principles and technique of golf mechanics to the structure and function of the golfer in an effort to improve the golf technique and performance” (Hume P., Keogh J., and Reid D. 2005) Biomechanics, “The scientific discipline that applies mechanical principles and to understanding movement.” (Hume P., Keogh J., and Reid D. 2005) allows scientists to observe a golfer’s swing to near milliseconds to the point of impact. This is much more precise to previous measurements used such as video recordings, outlines, etc. Understanding how the swing works by breaking down the movements within the swing through visual aids emphasize the opportunity for a better swing and in turn, better golf. Studies of biomechanics within the golf swing have shown the sequential separation from torso to pelvis, disproving the original theory of a solid swing with continuous motion known as the X-factor. Before understanding how the biomechanics of the golf swing works with the X-factor, the basics of the swing must be established.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37. Nisell R. (1985) Mechanics of the knee: A study of joint and muscle load with clinical applications. Acta Orthop Scand 216; 1-42. Oatis C. (2009)
Flexion is the bending of a joint so that the angle between the two bones decreases. The primary muscles that flex the knee are a group collectively known as “hamstrings.” The hamstrings consist of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. The muscles that assist in flexion are the sartorius, gracilis,...
Scibek, J. S., Gatti, J. M., & Mckenzie, J. I. (2012). Into the Red Zone. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(4), 428-434.
Fahey, Thomas D., EdD. Specialist in Sports Conditioning Workbook and Study Guide. California: International Sports Sciences Association, 2007. Print
Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of instep soccer kick. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(2), 154-165.
Kovacs, M. (2009). Dynamic Stretching: The Revolutionary New Warm-Up Method to Improve Power, Performance and Range of Motion. Ulysses Press.
Athletics are sometimes blamed completely for knee injuries, but athletics are not always the main cause of knee injuries. Knee inju...
...World of Sports Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 11 May 2014.
Basketball is a "transition game. Players continuously switch between defensive and offensive plays throughout the game. The plays include strenuous physical, such as running/sprinting, cutting, feints, jumps, and landings. Rapid turns and proximity during one-on-one situations increase the possibility of physical contact. Thus, frequent intermittent running and sprinting characterize the action of the game. Motion analysis has shown that depending on individual playing-time; basketball players cover a distance between 4.6 and 5.8 km per game, with mean heart rates between 80 and 90% of individual maximum heart rates (European Network for Sports injuries prevention, 2008). Consequently, players need to rid of highly advanced basic...
6. REUTER G, DAHL A, SENCHINA D. Ankle Spatting Compared to Bracing or Taping during Maximal- Effort Sprint Drills. International Journal Of Exercise Science [serial online]. January 2011;4(1):305-320. Available from: SPORTDiscus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed January 26, 2014.
Gabboth, Tim. "Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Feb2012, Vol. 26 Issue 2, P487-491. 5p." N.p., n.d. Web.
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...
Physics is a part of everyday life. It is evident in the modern technological devices we use in every day experiences and objects around us. Although physics is understood to be only useful in the classroom, physics can also be applied to one the most popular activities on the planet, basketball. Whether jumping for the ball, or leaping for a slam dunk, the human body follows the same laws of projectile motion as do other objects. The sport that includes shooting, passing, running, and dribbling involves topics covered in physics such as force, friction, effects of air resistance, velocity, air pressure and energy. Basketball also involves factors such as projectile motion in making a basket, gravity and its effects on passing and dribbling, and Newton’s First and Third Law on passing and a number of others.
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life